Transcript totalitarian government

Building up to WWII
1920s
► Worldwide
depression – period of rising
unemployment and low economic activity
Totalitarianism
► Rising
dictators claimed that they could
solve the problems of the depression by
setting up totalitarian government –
absolute power, the state controls every
area of life
Video!!
► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsGdCk
KoM5s&safe=active
Italy
► Economic
unrest after WWI –
strikes/ fear of Communists taking
over
► Benito Mussolini – first person to
set up a totalitarian government
► used Treaty of Versailles and Italy’s
economic problems to gain power
► Founded the Fascist party using
the fears of the middle class
Rise of Fascism
Totalitarian government that is not Communist
Leader = dictator – has complete control over
government
► State is more important than individuals =
strong central government that controls:
1. Economy
2. How owners run business and land
3. Mass media (newspapers, radios, movies –
censored)
4. Propaganda – used to brainwash people into
believing what gov. says
►
►
Soviet Union
► Joseph
Stalin came to power in late 1920s
► Wanted the Soviet Union to become an
industrial nation
► Focused industry on making steal,
machines, weapons, farm and
transportation equipment
Stalin’s purges to promote
Communism
► Ended
private ownership, set quotas for
production
► Peasants rebelled – Stalin used force to end
resistance – sent them to labor camps =
famine followed
► Arrested those who disagreed with him –
tried and sentenced to death
Soviet Society
► Used
propaganda to
promote the Soviet Union
and encourage people to
work harder/produce more
► Encouraged nationalism
and suspicion of western
countries
► Eliminated religion
"To have more, we must
produce more. To produce
more, we must know more”
Hitler and Nazi Germany
►
►
►
1.
2.
Conditions were ideal for Hitler to take over
Germany – Germans were angered by their
treatment at the Paris Peace Conference
Hitler joined the Nazi Party and set out to make
them the most powerful political parts in
Germany
Hitler appealed to:
nationalists: promised to stop Germany’s
payment for WWI
business leaders, and landowners: promised
security from Communism
Hitler’s rise to power
► 1933
– Hitler became chancellor because Nazis
won majority of seats in the German
Parliament
► He acted quickly to keep his power – had
Parliament suspend constitution = he no
longer needed legislation to make laws
► Became dictator – Der Fuhrer (the leader)
The Nazi Government
Only political party allowed = Nazi (no challengers)
Labor Unions banned
► Used terror and propaganda to keep control
► Gestapo = secret police
► Anyone who opposed – sent to concentration camp –
type of prison camp
► Government set up massive work projects to employ
people
► New Empire = Third Reich
► Video!! How did Hitler do all of this??
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Af44Slin7lg&playnext=1&l
ist=PLE8B3A617C9716740&feature=results_main&safe=ac
tive
►
►
Anti- Semitism
► prejudice,
hatred of, or discrimination
against Jews for reasons connected to their
heritage
► Hitler developed a theory that Germans
descended from an Aryan race – master
race = Jews in Germany endangered purity
of that race
► Also blamed Jews for most of Germany’s
problems
Anti-Semite Goals
Drive all Jews out of Germany
► Lead to genocide – murder of all members of an ethnic
group
► 1935 – Nuremberg Laws - stripped German Jews of
citizenship, forced them to wear yellow stars
► November 9, 1938 – Kristallnacht (Night of Broken
Glass) Nazis used violence of a Jew against a German to
attack Jewish people – 100 Jews murdered, 30,000 sent to
camps
Video!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z01WmCcpZ0Q&
safe=active
►
Trouble with Japan
► Emperor
ruled Japan, but military leaders made
most of the decisions
► Lacked many necessary natural resources and
markets for goods – Government expanded into
Asia to get control of resources and sell its goods
► 1931 – took control of Manchuria
► by 1937, Japan and China were fighting a full
scale war
Video!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYGsdC7
Sg38&safe=active
Intro to WWII
Video!!
► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COT
wT7nE&safe=active
Germany on the march
Hitler ignored the Treaty
of Versailles and defied
the League of Nations
1. Created air force and
expanded army
2. Sent a German army into
the Rhineland (zone
along Germany’s border
that they were not
allowed to enter)
► League did nothing
►
Looking the other way…
► France
and GB protested Hitler rearming the
Rhineland
► France wanted to fight, but GB would not
help – this was the beginning of Great
Britain’s policy of appeasement – giving in
to the demands of a hostile person or group
the keep the peace
Expansion of Germany
► Hitler
sent in troops in to
Austria – proclaimed it a
part of Germany
► Next on his list was
Czechoslovakia (created
by the Treaty of
Versailles)
► Sudetenland = German
region of Czechoslovakia
Munich Conference
► 1938
– British and French
met with Hitler – again gave
in to him and agreed that
Hitler could take control of
the Sudetenland
► In return – Hitler promised
not to take any more of
Czechoslovakia
► Following spring, he went
back on his promise…
surprise, surprise
WAR!
► September
1939 –
Germany invades
Poland
► Great Britain and
France declare war
on Germany
Video!!
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=5Y9
NexpibEo
What about the US?
► Isolationism
– the belief that US should
stay out of Europe’s problems
Video!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=668zH17N
P8w&safe=active
FDR: “Let no one imagine that we will
escape…that this western hemisphere will
not be attacked”—outraged many
isolationists
Hitler Moves in Europe
► April
1940- Hitler seizes
Norway, Denmark
► May- Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg
► June - Hitler controls
France and turns
attention to Britain
► Fall 1940- Battle of
Britain - London heavily
bombed but Churchill
remains defiant
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
Soviets Jump Ship
► 1941
– Hitler invades
Soviet Union
► Severe Russian winter
stopped the Germans
► Naturally, Stalin didn’t
want to be friends
anymore
United States and Japan
► Japan wanted to extend
influence in Far East
► July 1940: U.S. embargo
(restriction) of raw
materials to Japan
► December 7, 1941: Japan
attacks Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii Video!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=VBdIR7_B3JA
USS Arizona
Memorial
US Declares War
“December 7, 1941, a day which will live in
infamy”
FDR’s address:
►
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=december+7+1941+a+day+that+will+liv
e+in&mid=430B39DF35AB7CB86AD1430B39DF35AB7CB86AD1&view=detail&F
ORM=VIRE1&adlt=strict
** Italy also declared war
Nations at War
Axis Powers:
► Germany
► Italy
► Japan
Grand Alliance
► United States
► Great Britain
► France
► China
► Soviet Union
The Plan of the Great Alliance
Defeat Hitler first, then Mussolini
1.
Invaded N. Africa and defeated German forces
2.
Invaded Sicily and mainland Italy – Italy surrendered in
May 1945 – Mussolini executed
3.
June 6, 1944 – Allies invaded the beaches of France –
4.
D-Day – broke the German lines and pushed them east
Videos!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO6jGFBUuLs&s
afe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD9_NwY36fE&s
afe=active
►
War Coming to an End
by April 1945 the German army was being
squeezed btw. the Allies in the West and
the Soviets in the East
► Hitler committed suicide
► Germany surrendered in May, war in Europe
was over – V-E Day
►
War in the Pacific
Although the allies decided to defeat Hitler first,
they did not stop fighting in the Pacific
► Two prong (branch) strategy:
1. Land forces under the command of General
Douglas MacArthur
2. Naval forces
►
► Major victories:
1. Battle of the Coral Sea
2. Battle of Midway (turning point in the war in the
Pacific)
War in the Pacific
► Allies
continued to push Japanese back
► Civilian leaders and emperor were ready to
end the war, but military leaders would not
back down
General Tojo
Japanese Internment Camps in the
United States
► Reading
Video!!
passage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPi0Aqx_kyw&safe=act
ive
The Atomic Bomb
► FDR
died in April, 1945
► Harry Truman was sword in as President of
the US and learned of the atomic bomb
► FDR established a top secret project in 1941
to develop an atom bomb – The
Manhattan Project
► The damage of such a bomb would be
horrendous
Weighing the Costs
►
1.
2.
The US knew the following:
Attacking Japan would cause large
numbers of civilian and US soldier
casualties (women and children were
being trained to fight)
Invasion would be costly
Dropping the Atomic Bomb
Summer 1945 - Allies offered
again for Japan to surrender,
they did not
► August 6 – US plane dropped
an atom bomb on the city of
Hiroshima- between 80,000
and 120,000 were killed,
thousands more died because
of burns and radiation
poisoning
► Japanese still did not
surrender
►
Second Bomb
► Second
bomb dropped on Nagasaki on
August 9 – 35,000 to 75,000 were killed
► Japan surrendered on August 14
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwkyPvlW
PM0&safe=active
Lasting Effects
► Flash
burns
► Radiation exposure – led to cancer,
infertility, skin damage, death
Burn victim – her dress
pattern was burned into
her skin
Hiroshima before and after
Japan Remembers Today
Annual day of remembrance for the
victims of the atomic bomb.
Sadako and the Thousand Paper
Cranes
Read this blog to learn
the story of Sadako
Sasaki:
http://nicolaeene.blo
gspot.com/p/home.h
tml
The Holocaust and War Crimes
► Hitler’s hatred of Jews led to his “final solution”
► Holocaust – the killing of millions of Jews and
anyone else considered undesirable
► between 9 and 12 million people were murdered,
6 million were Jews
► Video about the US Holocaust Museum
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uf2u17yKR0Q&s
afe=active
Child of the Holocaust
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWneASsotkc&s
afe=active
The Death Camps
After deportation trains arrived at the killing centers,
guards ordered the deportees to get out and form a line.
The victims then went through a selection process. Men
were separated from women and children. A Nazi, usually
an SS physician, looked quickly at each person to decide if
he or she was healthy and strong enough for forced labor.
This SS officer then pointed to the left or the right; victims
did not know that individuals were being selected to live or
die. Babies and young children, pregnant women, the
elderly, the handicapped, and the sick had little chance of
surviving this first selection.
Selection at Auschwitz
The Death Camps
Those who had been selected to die were led to
gas chambers. In order to prevent panic, camp
guards told the victims that they were going to
take showers to rid themselves of lice. The guards
instructed them to turn over all their valuables and
to undress. Then they were driven naked into the
"showers." A guard closed and locked the steel
door. In some killing centers, carbon monoxide
was piped into the chamber. In others, camp
guards threw "Zyklon B" pellets down an air shaft.
Zyklon B was a highly poisonous insecticide also
used to kill rats and insects.
Gas Chamber at Auschwitz
The Death Camps
Usually within minutes after entering the gas chambers,
everyone inside was dead from lack of oxygen. Under
guard, prisoners were forced to haul the corpses to a
nearby room, where they removed hair, gold teeth, and
fillings. The bodies were burned in ovens in the crematoria
or buried in mass graves.
Many people profited from the pillage of corpses. Camp
guards stole some of the gold. The rest was melted down
and deposited in an SS bank account. Private business
firms bought and used the hair to make many products,
including ship rope and mattresses.
Crematorium at Auschwitz
A Glimpse
of those
affected
Excerpt from Elie Wiesel's Nobel
Prize Lecture
Indeed this was another universe; the very laws of
nature had been transformed. Children looked like
old men, old men whimpered like children. Men
and women from every corner of Europe were
suddenly reduced to nameless and faceless
creatures desperate for the same ration of bread
or soup, dreading the same end. Even their silence
was the same for it resounded with the memory of
those who were gone. Life in this accursed
universe was so distorted, so unnatural that a new
species had evolved. Waking among the dead, one
wondered if one were still alive...
Liberation
► Allied
troops moved
across Europe
► Encountered tens of
thousands of
concentration camp
prisoners
► Many of these prisoners
had survived forced
marches (Nazis moved
them and destroyed
camps)