Transcript Chp13totalitarianism

Chapter 13
Rise of Totalitarianism
Postwar Social Changes
• Roaring Twenties– Jazz music
– US economic boom,
pop culture,
experimentation
– Flapper
• Prohibition– Ban on manufacture
and sale of alcohol
– Speakeasies created
– Rise in organized
crime
– Repealed 1933
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•
Literature
and
Art
“Lost Generation”
– Moral breakdown of
Western civ
– Harlem Renaissance
• American Cultural
awakening; black artists
thrived
• Pride in AfricanAmerican culture
Artist rejected traditional styles
– Abstract
– Dada
– Surrealism
– Frank Lloyd Wright
Western Democracies Stumble
• Post-War Foreign
Policy
– France’s Maginot Line
– Kellogg-Briand Pact:
renounced war,
disarmament, never
agreed on size of
armies
– League of Nations:
powerless to stop
aggression
• 1931 condemned
Japan’s invasion of
Manchuria but no
military action
• Postwar Economies
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•
Britain in debt
France recovers
US boom
Great Depression
• Overproduction
• World Markets
• Loss of faith in
Democracy
• Misery and
hopelessness created
openings for extremists
who promised radical
solutions
At Least the Trains Ran on
Time
• Mussolini- “Il Duce”, fascist
fueled by effects of WWI on
Italy. Champion of order and
efficiency. 1st fascist state
• Nation and race were more
important than the individual.
• Won elections by force using
Black-Shirts, or party militants.
• Seen as a model of strength
and determination. Restored
Italy’s power in Mediterranean
by invading Ethiopia.
Fascism
• Any centralized,
authoritarian
government that is
not communist
whose policies
glorify the state
over individual and
are destructive to
human rights
• Extreme nationalism
• Glorified action, violence,
discipline and blind
loyalty to the state
• Aggressive foreign
expansion
• Anti-democratic, rejected
faith in reason, equality
and liberty
Fascism vs Communism
• Fascists appealed to Italians
because it promised a strong
stable government
• Sworn enemies of
Communists
• Pursued Nationalist goals
• Society with defined classes,
allies with business leaders,
wealthy landowners, and lower
middle class
• Communists worked for
International change
• Wanted classless society,
support among urban and
agricultural workers
• Both had blind devotion to the
state, charismatic leaders,
terror to guard power
Soviet Union and Stalin
• Lenin dies 1924, body
displayed in Red Square
for 65 years
• Five-Year Plans: gov’t
control over USSR’s
economy: building heavy
industry, improving
transportation and
increasing farm output
• Command Economy:
gov’t officials made all
basic economic decisions
• Mixed Results in Industry:
• Oil, coal, steel production
grew, mining and
railroads expanded
• Standard of living
remained low, central
planning inefficient
causing some shortages
• Large quantities of lowquality goods
• Consumer goods scarce
• Stalin deemed Lenin’s NEP
ineffective thus forcing all
peasants onto state owned
farms or collectives, large
owned and operated by
peasants as a group
• Gov’t would provide tractors,
fertilizers, better seed and new
farming techniques. Peasants
could keep houses and
belongings but all animals and
tools would be turned over to
the state
• Some peasants did not want to
give up land and sell crops at
state’s low prices.
•
Peasants resisted
collectivization by burning
crops, killing animals,
destroying tools.
• Stalin blamed resistance on
wealthy farmers, or Kulaks
• Stalin responded with brutal
force, 1929 declared ‘intention
to liquidate the Kulaks’ – land
was confiscated and kulaks
were sent to labor camps
• Angry peasants still refused to
cooperate; gov’t seized all
grain purposely starving the
peasants- ‘Terror Famine’
killing 5 to 8 million deaths
Stalin’s Terror Tactics
• Terror as weapon – gulag
• Great Purge: 1934, secret
police cracked down on
old Bolsheviks
• Increased Stalin’s power;
purged experts in
industry, engineering,
talented writers and
thinkers, military leaders
and officers
• Propaganda: made
himself a godlike figure
• Censorship of the arts –
socialist realism to show
Soviet life in a positive
light
• Russification: Make
culture more Russian,
making Russian official
language throughout
USSR
• War on religion: Atheism
became state policy
Germany
• End of WWI: 1919 drafted
a constitution and created
the Weimar Republic,
with parliamentary
system and Chancellor
• -faced political struggles
• - Inflation
• - Dawes Plan helped
reduce reparations, the
Great Depression
• - Culture thrived
• Adolf Hitler: Born in Austria;
moved to Vienna at 18 where
he developed his anti-Semitic
feelings
• Fought in German army during
WWI; despised Weimar gov’t;
joined small group of extremist
and rose to top of NAZI party
• Arrested in 1923 after failed
attempt to seize power; wrote
Mein Kampf while in prison
• Nazi membership grew with
unemployment; Hilter released
and resumed political goals
Rise of Nazi Germany
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Hitler created the Nationalist
Socialist Germans Workers Party
(Nazi). Hated the Jews and nonAryan peoples. Blamed them for
economic problems. In reality it
was the outcome of WWI.
Established the 3rd Reich, took
advantage of discontent and
denounced Treaty of Versailles.
Chancellor 1933, abolished
Presidency and declared himself
Fuhrer
Convinced Reichstag to let him
make laws without their consent
Third Reich Controls Germany
• Named after Holy Roman
Empire (1st Reich)
• To combat depression Hitler
launched public works
programs
• Totalitarian Rule: gestapo,
controlled all aspects of
German life
• Nuremberg Laws – deprived
Jews of German citizenship,
placed severe restrictions
(couldn’t marry non-Jews,
attend or teach at German
schools or universities, hold
gov’t jobs, practice law or
medicine
• Nazis beat up Jews, Jews fled
• Kristallnacht: Night of Broken
Glass, Nazis attacked Jewish
communities
• “Final Solution” – plan to
exterminate all Jews
• Hitler Youth
•
Purging German Culture‘purify’, denounced modern art,
jazz, rejected religion
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