Transcript Stalin

The Rise of Totalitarianism
Joseph Stalin
Benito
Mussolini
Adolf Hitler
Francisco
Franco
Hideki Tojo
Totalitarianism
Centralized government: does not tolerate
parties or differing opinions. A dictatorial control
over all aspects of life
Authoritarianism: where ordinary citizens have
no significant share in state decision-making
Ideology: a scheme of values distributed to
direct the most significant aspects of public and
private life
Cult of Personality: use of mass media to create
an idealized public image, pursing religious like
fervency among the populace.
Totalitarianism vs.
Authoritarianism
'Authoritarian' refers to the structure
of government rather than to
society.
Totalitarian regimes seek to control
virtually all aspects of the social life.
– Including: economy, education, art,
science, private life and morals of
citizens.
Rise of
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism can be traced back
to the Great War.
– Attrition made required total effort
– War required all institutions &
individuals to subordinate their
interests to victory
Russia (1917), Italy (1922),
Germany (1933), Spain (1939),
Japan (1926)
Russia
Vladimir Lenin & emergence of
USSR
– After the Revolution in 1917 the
Bolsheviks & Lenin had solidified control
by 1923.
Lenin died in 1924  Joseph Stalin
Stalin subordinating the individual
to the ‘party’.
Stalin’s Reign
Stalin immediately shifted away from
Lenin’s policy
Problems faced by Russia:
– USSR had not fully industrialized, and
had a weak military
– Government remained unstable (Civil
War/Lenin)
– Economy stagnated
Stalinism
“Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet
government
– Stalin
Rejected dissent
Stalin = sole interpreter
World wide Communist revolution post-poned
– Economic Changes
Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans)
Collectivization of Agriculture
– Effective BUT…
– Purges
Millions killed
Guilty executed or sent to Gulag
Results of Stalinism:
Ukraine Famine (Holodomor )
Ukranian Famine (1932-33)
– Resulted from forced collectivization
– Broke the will of peasants to resist
collectivization.
– Ukraine traumatized
Death toll: Estimates range from 2-10
million.
“It showed the peasants who is the master
here. It cost millions of lives, but the
collective farm system is here to stay.”
- One of Stalin’s lieutenants in Ukraine
Italy & WWI
WWI leaves Italy
with many
problems:
– Heavy debts
– Did not receive the
land promised by
France & G.B.
– Rising
unemployment led
to unrest,
particularly in cities.
Italy & Mussolini
Mussolini: Splits with
Socialists over WWI
After WWI Mussolini
envisioned a great Italian
empire… a new Roman
Empire.
March on Rome
March on Rome: October, 1922
– Coup d'état  Mussolini's National Fascist Party
rise to power in Italy
– Ousted Prime Minister
– King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to
Mussolini.
Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal
right-wing.
Mussolini quickly moved to establish
dictatorship
Fascist Italy
Blackshirts: Paramilitary group.
– Used violence and intimidation against
Mussolini's opponents.
Blackshirts & Secret police = more power for
Mussolini
– Black shirts have gov’t support: fear of a
communist revolution.
Mussolini Rises to Power
1919: Founded National Fascist
Party
– “fasces”  Roman symbol
unity/strength
• 1921 - Entered Parliament
• 1922 - Became Premier of Italy
• 1925 - Declared Italy a fascist
dictatorship
No longer responsible to Parliament
Could only be removed by the king.
Fascism
Fascism is a combination of many
ideas
– Corporatism: Power exercised through
large organizations (businesses, trade
unions) working with each other, directed
by the state
– Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t
under control of labor unions
– Nationalism, Expansionism, Social
Progress, Anti-Communism in
combination with censorship & state
propaganda
What is Fascism?
Believes humans are motivated by
glory and heroism not economics.
Opposite of both Communism & Capitalism
Support a “Third Way” for
economics, which was neither
Communist nor Capitalist.
significant government control over business
and labor
Nationalism, Race &Fascism
Struggle of nation & race fundamental in
society
– Communists emphasized class struggle
Nations bind people by their ancestry
Nations are natural & good
Fascism sought to solve economic, political,
and social problems via ‘national rebirth’
– Celebrates the nation & race above all else,
– Cults of unity, strength and purity.
Communism
1. History = class
struggle
2. Nations are
arbitrary  class
should unite the
world
3. Global viewpoint
4. Gov’t runs industry
Fascism
1. Struggle between
nations & races
2. Nations are
natural thus
national pride is
emphasized
3. National viewpoint
4. Gov’t has some
control over
industry
Germany: Weimar Republic
A parliamentary republic established
in 1919.
Faced numerous problems
– Hyperinflation
– Political extremists
– War Reparations
Collapsed in the early 1930s
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born German
Decorated WWI veteran
Leader of the National Socilaist
German Workers Party (NSDAP)
better known as the Nazi Party
Hitler
By 1921 Hitler & Oratory
ability
Nazi Party: Centered in Munich
– German nationalist movement
S.A. (Sturmabteilung)
– Stormtroopers/”brown shirts”
– Paramilitary organization
S.S. (Schutzstaffel)
– Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler
Gestapo: official secret police
of Nazi Germany
Beer Hall Putsch
November, 1923
Failed Coup attempt
Hitler wanted to emulate the March on
Rome
November 8th: Declares a new
government in a Beer Hall
November 9th –The March Begins
– To Bavarian War Ministry
– Clash with police and march destroyed
Arrest, Trial, Prison
Hitler arrested for High Treason
Trial
Uses trial as a platform
Gains noteriety & popularity
April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years
– Served less than one year
Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”
– Part Autobiography part political rant
– Helps spread his ideas.
Strategy of Legality
Hitler changed his strategy to come
to power.
The Strategy of Legality:
– adhere to the rules of Weimar
– Use the institutions of Weimar Republic
to destroy it/come to power
Depression, Election
By 1930 the Depression strikes
Germany
President Paul von Hindenburg ran
for re-election in 1932
– The only one who could defeat Hitler
– Wins election
– Has difficulty fending off Nazis
1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler
Chancellor of Germany
Reichstag Fire
February 1933: Reichstag set on fire
The fire began Hitler’s rise to total
power
– Reichstag Fire Decree (February
‘33)
Suspends civil liberties.
– Enabling Act (March ’33)
Parliament gave Hitler's legislative
powers.
– Hindenburg dies (August ’34)
Hitler declared the office of President
vacant
Hitler makes himself head of state or
"Führer”
Propaganda
Triumph of the Will – Leni
Riefenstahl
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR67q5P_YU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hEzs7x5a
EM
Hermann Göring designated successor, and
commander of the
Luftwaffe
Joseph GoebbelsMinister of Propaganda.
One of Hitler’s closest
associates/followers.
Archetect of Kristallnacht
Heinrich Himmler – One
of most powerful Nazis.
Over saw police forces, SS,
& Gestapo
Adolf Eichmann: “The
architect of the
Holocaust” -managed
the mass deportation of
Jews to ghettos
&extermination camps
Rudolf Hess: “Deputy
to the Fuhrer” Adolf
Hitler’s deputy in Nazi
Party.
Dr. Josef Mengele:
“Angel of Death” -- At
Auschwitz. he
determined who was to
be killed and who was to
do forced labor.
– human experiments
Francisco Franco
Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975.
Franco's governance went through
various phases
All emphasized:
–
–
–
–
–
Spanish nationalism
Maintaining territorial integrity
Catholicism
Anti-Communism
Emphasis on traditional values
Spanish Civil War
1936 -1939: It began after a coup
by Spanish Army Generals
The war ended with the victory of
the rebel forces
– Republican gov’t overthrown
– Dictatorship established with Franco at
it’s helm.
Spanish Civil War: Petri Dish
The War increased tensions in
Europe
Proxy War?
Use of third parties as substitutes for direct
fighting
New tactics tried
– Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)
– New tank warfare tactics
– Terror bombing of cities from the air.
Guernica
Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of
Guernica by German & Italian war planes.
Emperor Hirohito & Hideki Tojo
HIROHITO
–Emperor of
Japan prior to
and during
WWII
–Sanctioned
the attack on
Pearl Harbor &
war with the US
TOJO
Prime Minister
of Japan
during much
of during
much of WWII
After the end
of the war,
sentenced to
death for war
crimes
The Empire of Japan
Rapid industrialization and
Militarization emergence as
a world power
– Leads to membership in the Axis
Alliance of WWII
Gained notoriety war crimes
against the people within their
Empire.
Extent of Empire
Nanking Massacre:
Rape of Nanking
1937: A six week period
– Hundreds of thousands of
civilians murdered
– 20,000–80,000 women
were raped by Japanese
soldiers
Timeline
1937
1931-32
– Japan invades
Manchuria
1935:
– Italy invades Ethiopia
– Germany reintroduces
Conscription
(violation)
1936
– Germany
Remilitarized
Rhineland
– Franco revolts against
Spainish Gov’t.
– Tripartate Pact:
– First Concentration
Camps
– Japan – full scale invasion
of China (Rape of
Nanking)
1938
– Anschluss: Germany
invades/ annex Austria
– Hitler claims Sudetenland
– Germany seizes
Czechoslovakia
1939
– Italy invades/annexes
Albania
– Hitler demands Danzig
(Poland)
– Sept. 1, 1939
Manchuria
Rhineland
Sudetenland