Transcript Section 4 - America Moves Towards War

WORLD WAR
LOOMS
In response to the fighting in Europe,
the United States provides economic
and military aid to help the Allies
achieve victory.
Learning Objectives:
Section 4 - America Moves
Towards War
• 1. Describe the U.S. response to the
outbreak of war in Europe in 1939.
2. Explain how Roosevelt assisted the
Allies without declaring war.
3. Summarize the events that brought the
United States into armed conflict with
Germany.
4. Describe the American response to the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
SECTION
4
America Moves Toward War
The United States Musters Its Forces
Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
• 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass “cashand-carry” provision
• Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep
U.S. out of war
The Axis Threat
• 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short
of war”
• Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual
defense treaty
- become known as Axis Powers
• Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing
fight on two oceans
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION 4: AMERICA
MOVES TOWARD WAR
America sold weapons to Allied
nations for cash
• In September of 1939
(invasion of Poland),
Roosevelt
persuaded Congress
to pass a “cash &
carry” provision that
allowed nations to
buy U.S. arms and
transport them in
their own ships
Chapter 16 Section 4
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• A – What impact did the outbreak of the
war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and
defense policy?
– Revision of the Neutrality Acts;
– Dramatically increased defense spending;
– Institution of the nation’s first peacetime draft.
THE AXIS THREAT RISES,
BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT
• Axis powers were
making great progress
across Europe – France
fell to Germany in 1940
• The Axis powers were
formidable – Germany,
Italy and Japan
• Hoping to avoid a twoocean war, FDR
scrambled to support
Britain
• He provided 500,000
rifles and 80,000
machine guns and
numerous ships
• B – Why did Roosevelt take one
“unneutral” step after another to assist
Britain and the
– Soviet Union in 1941?
– FDR believed that the best way to stop the
axis powers was to help their opponents –
mainly Britain and the Soviet Union.
SECTION
4
continued
The United States Musters Its Forces
Building U.S. Defenses
• Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S.
defense spending
• First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training
and Service Act:
- draftees to serve for 1 year in Western
Hemisphere only
Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term
• FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection
• Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war
• FDR reelected with 55% of votes
NEXT
U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE
• Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase
spending for national defenses and reinstitute the
draft
• FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in
1940
• The majority of voters were unwilling to switch
presidents during such a volatile time in history
FDR pushed
for huge
defense
spending
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated
Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential
Election
• D – Why did the
United States enter
into an undeclared
shooting war with
Germany in fall of
1941?
– German U-boats were
attacking American
ships.
SECTION
4
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
The Lend-Lease Plan
• FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free
to conquer world
- U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
• By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy
U.S. arms
• 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease
supplies for defense
Supporting Stalin
• 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades
Soviet Union
• Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet
Union
Continued . . .
NEXT
THE GREAT
ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY
•
To support Britain, FDR
established a “LendLease Plan” which
meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to
nations whose defense was vital to America
• America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of
Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting
democracies
• E – How was oil a source of conflict
between Japan and the United States?
– Japan needed oil, and the United States had
placed an embargo on it to protest Japanese
aggression in Indochina.
U.S. arsenal of the world
U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN
• In June of 1941, Hitler
broke the agreement he
made with Stalin in 1939
• FDR began sending lendlease supplies to the USSR
Canned pork prepared in
Ohio for lend-lease
shipment to the USSR.
Canned pork prepared in
Ohio for lend-lease
shipment to the USSR.
SECTION
4
continued“The
Great Arsenal of Democracy”
German Wolf Packs
• Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys
• Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol
North Atlantic
- sink supply ships
• FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in selfdefense
NEXT
CONVOY
U.S. SUPPORTS
• German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing weapon
shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR
• FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense
GR: America Moves Toward War
• 1. Permitted nations to buy U.S.
armaments as long as they paid cash and
carried the goods away in their own ships.
• 2. Japan, Germany, Italy; if the U.S.
declared war on any of the Axis powers, it
would have to fight a two-ocean war.
SECTION
4
FDR Plans for War
The Atlantic Charter
• FDR’s proposal to extend the term of draftees
passes House by 1 vote
• FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint
declaration of war aims
• Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United
Nations” or Allies
• Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations
sign Declaration
Shoot on Sight
• Germans fire on U.S. ship, FDR orders navy to
shoot U-boats on sight
• U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on
arming merchant ships
NEXT
• Late in 1941, FDR and
Churchill met secretly
and agreed on a series
of goals for the war
• Among their goals
were collective
security, disarmament,
self-determination,
economic cooperation
and freedom of the
seas
• This “Declaration of
the United Nations”
was signed by 26
nations
THE
ATLANTIC
CHARTER
FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard
the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in
Newfoundland waters
• C – Why was the
Atlantic Charter
important?
– It set forth the war
aims of the Allies.
• Germans begin attacking American
merchant ships. US Navy enter
undeclared state of war.
GR: America Moves Toward War
• 3. Allowed the president to lend or lease
arms and supplies to “any country whose
defense was vital to the U.S”
SECTION
4
Japan Attacks the United States
Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific
• Hideki Tojo—chief of staff of army that invades
China, prime minister
• Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U.S. cuts
off trade
• Japan needs oil from U.S. or must take Dutch East
Indies oil fields
Peace Talks are Questioned
• 1941 U.S. breaks Japanese codes; learns Japan
planning to attack U.S.
• Peace talks with Japan last about 1 month
• December 6, Japanese envoy instructed to reject all
U.S. proposals
Continued . . .
NEXT
GR: America Moves Toward War
• 4. punished Japan with a trade embargo
• 5. Collective security; disarmament, selfdetermination, economic cooperation,
freedom of the Jews
SECTION
4
continued
Japan Attacks the United States
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
• Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged
Reaction to Pearl Harbor
• Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration
of war against Japan
• Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
• U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific
Oceans
NEXT
JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED
STATES
• While tensions with
Germany mounted, Japan
launched an attack on an
American naval base
• Japan had been
expanding in Asia since
the late 1930s
• Early on the morning of
December 7, 1941, Japan
bombed the largest
American naval base –
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS
1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR
• The surprise raid on Pearl
Harbor by 180 Japanese
planes sank or damaged 21
ships and 300 planes
• The losses constituted more
than the U.S. Navy had
suffered in all of WWI
• The next day, FDR addressed
Congress, “Yesterday,
December 7, 1941, (is) a date
which will live in infamy”
• The United States declared
war on Japan and three days
later Germany and Italy
GR: America Moves Toward War
• 7. Almost destroyed it
• 8. They had signed a mutual defense
treaty with Japan in which they agreed to
come to each other’s aid in the event of an
attack.