Transcript Guided Reading - Cloudfront.net

Standard Addressed:
11.7 Students analyze America’s
participation in World War II.
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Lesson Objectives: Section 4 America Moves Towards War
1. Describe the U.S. response to the outbreak
of war in Europe in 1939.
2. Explain how Roosevelt assisted the Allies
without declaring war.
3. Summarize the events that brought the
United States into armed conflict with Germany.
4. Describe the American response to the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
WORLD WAR
LOOMS
In response to the fighting in Europe,
the United States provides economic
and military aid to help the Allies
achieve victory.
SECTION
4
America Moves Toward War
The United States Musters Its Forces
Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
• 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass “cashand-carry” provision
• Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep
U.S. out of war
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION 4: AMERICA
MOVES TOWARD WAR
America sold weapons to Allied
nations for cash
• In September of 1939
(invasion of Poland),
Roosevelt
persuaded Congress
to pass a “cash &
carry” provision that
allowed nations to
buy U.S. arms and
transport them in
their own ships
Chapter 16 Section 4
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• A – What impact did the outbreak of the
war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and
defense policy?
– Revision of the Neutrality Acts;
– Dramatically increased defense spending;
– Institution of the nation’s first peacetime draft.
SECTION
4
America Moves Toward War
The United States Musters Its Forces
The Axis Threat
• 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short
of war”
• Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual
defense treaty
- become known as Axis Powers
• Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing
fight on two oceans
Continued . . .
NEXT
THE AXIS THREAT RISES,
BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT
• Axis powers were
making great progress
across Europe – France
fell to Germany in 1940
• The Axis powers were
formidable – Germany,
Italy and Japan
• Hoping to avoid a twoocean war, FDR
scrambled to support
Britain
• He provided 500,000
rifles and 80,000
machine guns and
numerous obsolete
warships
Main Idea Question
• B – Why did Roosevelt take one “un-neutral”
step after another to assist Britain and the
Soviet Union in 1941?
– FDR believed that the best way to stop the axis
powers was to help their opponents – mainly
Britain and the Soviet Union.
SECTION
4
continued
The United States Musters Its Forces
Building U.S. Defenses
• Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S.
defense spending
• First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training
and Service Act:
- draftees to serve for 1 year in Western
Hemisphere only
NEXT
U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE
• Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase
spending for national defenses.
FDR pushed
for huge
defense
spending
U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE
Roosevelt got Congress to reinstitute the draft
The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, enacted September 16, 1940,
was the first peacetime conscription in United States history.
This Selective Service Act required that men between the ages of 21 and 35
register with local draft boards. 900,000 men were to be in training at any one
time, and it limited service to 12 months.
SECTION
4
continued
The United States Musters Its Forces
Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term
• FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection
• Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war
• FDR reelected with 55% of votes
NEXT
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated Wendell Willkie
in the 1940 Presidential Election
•FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940
•The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents during such a volatile
time in history
SECTION
4
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
The Lend-Lease Plan
• FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free
to conquer world
- U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
• By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy
U.S. arms
• 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease
supplies for defense
Continued . . .
NEXT
THE GREAT
ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY
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To support Britain, FDR
established a “LendLease Plan” which
meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to
nations whose defense was vital to America
• America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of
Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting
democracies
Main Idea Question
• D – Why did the
United States enter
into an undeclared
shooting war with
Germany in fall of
1941?
– German U-boats
were attacking
American ships.
Guided Reading:
1. What did the Neutrality Act allow?
Permitted nations to buy U.S.
armaments as long as they paid
cash and carried the goods away
in their own ships.
Main Idea Question
• E – How was oil a source of conflict
between Japan and the United States?
– Japan needed oil, and the United States had
placed an embargo on it to protest Japanese
aggression in Indochina.
U.S. arsenal of the world
SECTION
4
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
Supporting Stalin
• 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades
Soviet Union
• Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet
Union
Continued . . .
NEXT
U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN
• In June of 1941, Hitler
broke the agreement he
made with Stalin in 1939
• FDR began sending lendlease supplies to the USSR
Canned pork prepared in
Ohio for lend-lease
shipment to the USSR.
Canned pork prepared in
Ohio for lend-lease
shipment to the USSR.
SECTION
4
continued“The
Great Arsenal of Democracy”
German Wolf Packs
• Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys
• Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol
North Atlantic
- sink supply ships
• FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in selfdefense
NEXT
CONVOY
U.S. SUPPORTS
• German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing weapon
shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR
• FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense
Guided Reading:
2. Who were the Axis powers?
What did their alliance mean for the
United States?
• Japan, Germany, Italy;
• if the U.S. declared war on any of
the Axis powers, it would have to
fight a two-ocean war.
SECTION
4
FDR Plans for War
Shoot on Sight
• Germans fire on U.S. ship, FDR orders navy to
shoot U-boats on sight
• U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on
arming merchant ships
NEXT
• Germans begin attacking American
merchant ships. US Navy enter
undeclared state of war.
Guided Reading:
3. What did the Lend-Lease Act do?
• Allowed the president to lend or
lease arms and supplies to “any
country whose defense was vital
to the U.S”
SECTION
4
Japan Attacks the United States
Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific
• Hideki Tojo—chief of staff of army that invades
China, prime minister
• Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U.S. cuts
off trade
• Japan needs oil from U.S. or must take Dutch East
Indies oil fields
Continued . . .
NEXT
The main reason for the United States oil embargo on Japan was to attempt to halt
Japan's aggression in Asia
Guided Reading:
What did the United States do to
protest Japan’s action?
• punished Japan with a trade
embargo
–No more sales of oil
–Scrap metal
SECTION
4
FDR Plans for War
The Atlantic Charter
• FDR’s proposal to extend the term of draftees
passes House by 1 vote
• FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint
declaration of war aims
• Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United
Nations” or Allies
• Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations
sign Declaration
NEXT
• Late in 1941, FDR and
Churchill met secretly
and agreed on a series
of goals for the war
THE
ATLANTIC
CHARTER
• Among their goals were
collective security,
disarmament, selfdetermination,
economic cooperation
and freedom of the seas
• This “Declaration of the
United Nations” was
signed by 26 nations
FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard
the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in
Newfoundland waters
• C – Why was the Atlantic Charter
important?
– It set forth the war aims of the Allies.
Guided Reading:
5. What pledges were contained in the
Atlantic Charter?
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Collective security;
disarmament,
self-determination,
economic cooperation,
freedom of the Jews
SECTION
4
Japan Attacks the United States
Peace Talks are Questioned
• 1941 U.S. breaks Japanese codes;
• learns Japan planning to attack U.S.
• Peace talks with Japan last about 1 month
• December 6, Japanese envoy instructed to reject all
U.S. proposals
• Faced with economic sanctions from the U.S.,
Japan decided to take the necessary raw
materials they needed in Asia by force and
attacked the U.S.
Continued . . .
NEXT
It became
apparent
that Japan
could not
get the
land or
resources
needed
without
going to
war with
the United
States.
SECTION
4
continued
Japan Attacks the United States
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
• Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged
NEXT
JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED
STATES
• While tensions with
Germany mounted, Japan
launched an attack on an
American naval base
• Japan had been
expanding in Asia since
the late 1930s
• Early on the morning of
December 7, 1941, Japan
bombed the largest
American naval base –
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Guided Reading:
Who were the Allies?
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6. The Allies
USA
BRITAIN
FRANCE
USSR –Soviet Union
China
SECTION
4
continued
Japan Attacks the United States
Reaction to Pearl Harbor
• Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration
of war against Japan
• Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
• U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific
Oceans
NEXT
ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS
1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR
• The surprise raid on Pearl
Harbor by 180 Japanese
planes sank or damaged 21
ships and 300 planes
• The losses constituted more
than the U.S. Navy had
suffered in all of WWI
• The next day, FDR addressed
Congress, “Yesterday,
December 7, 1941, (is) a date
which will live in infamy”
• The United States declared
war on Japan and three days
later Germany and Italy
Guided Reading:
7. What did the attack do to the U.S.
Pacific Fleet?
• It almost destroyed the entire
fleet.
Guided Reading:
8. Why did Germany and Italy declare
war on the United States?
• They had signed a mutual
defense treaty with Japan in
which they agreed to come to
each other’s aid in the event of an
attack.