Transcript Chapter 30: A Second Global Conflict and the End of the

Chapter 30:
WWII and the
End of the European World Order
AP World History
Ms. Sheets
University High School
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
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Franco’s Falange fascists, Germany and Italy vs. Soviet Union
and Spanish republicans
“Dress rehearsal” for WWII
Hitler and Mussolini help Franco’s fascist government.
Soviet Union provided military aid to Spain’s republican
government.
Fascist victory
Pablo Picasso’s Guernica (1937) captures horrors of war
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German Aggression
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Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist
(Nazi) party wanted to invade and destroy
the Soviet Union to attack communist
threat.
1935: Germany rearmed
1936: Militarized the Rhineland
1938: Proclaimed the Anschluss
(unification with Austria); seized Germanspeaking areas of Czechoslovakia;
appeasement with GB and Fr
Isolationist countries like the USA,
Great Britain and France were willing to
sacrifice small states like Austria and
Czechoslovakia to avoid war.
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Beginning of War
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August 1939: Stalin and Hitler signed a nonaggression
pact.
After the pact, Germany invaded western Poland and
the Soviet Union occupied eastern Poland.
September 1st, 1939: World War II began when
Germany invaded Poland
September 3rd, 1939: The British and French declared
war on Germany.
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, United States
Germany used the strategy of “blitzkrieg” war by rapidly
penetrating enemy territory using multiple forces.
France fell to Germany quickly, a result of divided
and weak leadership.
By 1940, Nazis occupy Norway and Denmark
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Main Theaters of World War II
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Two theaters: Pacific and European (including Africa)
War in Russia
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1939-1941: Axis power greater
Hitler’s goal: defeat Russia
Winter of 1941: Germans stalled on the
outskirts of Moscow and Leningrad.
1942: German offensives were never
able to take key cities in the USSR.
Tehran Conference (1943):
“The Big Three”
Focus on liberation of France; allows
USSR to move troops through Eastern
Europe
USSR gains territory and influence in
Eastern Europe as it drives into
Eastern Europe to push Germans
back.
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War in Britain and Italy
Great Britain was the only western
democracy to survive Nazis, but were
driven from the continent.
Battle of Britain (1940): Nazi air offensive
(Luftwaffe) on UK; UK withstands.
Germany abandons plans to conquer the
British Isles; first major Nazi defeat.
1941: Nazis able to control most of the
Mediterranean and Europe, and were
moving into Africa.
1941: Nazi forces drove the Soviets out of
Finland, Poland and the Baltic states.
1945: Allied forces advanced into Italy, took
over the fascist regime and Mussolini.
April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide.
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QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
1) Who comprised the Axis Powers? Allied Powers?
2) What occurred at the Tehran Conference?
3) What was the Battle of Britain?
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US Involvement
US provided assistance to Great Britain
Dec. 7, 1941: US entered the war with
the attack on Pearl Harbor.
1942-3: American tank divisions joined
British in North Africa, helped to clear
Germans from North Africa and the
Middle East.
June 6, 1944: General Dwight
Eisenhower successfully led forces into
northern France; D-Day (Allied invasion
of Normandy, France)
1945: Battle of the Bulge
Hitler’s last-ditch effort through forests
in France, Belgium, Luxembourg.
1945: Allies began invading Germany
from the west and the USSR invaded
from the east.
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The Holocaust
1935: Nuremberg Laws (German Jews stripped of citizenship, basic civil
rights)
Ghettos: Jews confined to these temporary holdings before deportation to
camps (Warsaw Ghetto)
Wannsee Conference of 1942: Nazi officials decided to initiate a “final
solution” to the “Jewish problem.”
Heinrich Himmler is put in charge of implementing plan.
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The Holocaust
Anti-Semitism
Jews and other “undesirables” were
shipped to concentration camps.
Gypsies, Slavs, political prisoners,
homosexuals, communists, Jehovah’s
Witnesses
As many as 12 million people were
murdered in the Holocaust, of which 6
million were Jews.
9 million Jews who had resided in
Europe before the Holocaust,
approximately two-thirds were killed
The more the war turned against Hitler, the
more he pressed the genocidal campaign.
Notable, among other things, for the degree
to which is was premeditated, systematic,
and carried out with precise and detailed
records
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QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
1) Why does D-Day mark a turning point in the war?
2) What were the Nuremberg Laws?
3) Describe the “Final Solution.”
China vs. Japan in WWII
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In late 1920s, Chiang Kai-shek able to be
dominant over the warlords in China.
The success of the Kuomintang (Nationalist
party) in China worried Japan.
1931: Japan seized Chinese Manchuria and
proclaimed it independent state of Manchukuo.
Beginning of WWII in Asia
Create buffer between Soviet Union and Japan.
Manchuria had rich coal and iron deposits;
Japan is resource-poor
1937: Japan invaded China from Manchukuo and
planned to conquer all of China.
Successful at first, occupying most Chinese
coastal cities.
December 1937: Rape of Nanking (Japanese
forces took Nanking and killed between
300,000 -500,000 people in the Rape of
Nanking)
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Japanese Empire in WWII
In addition to China, Japan captures
colonial territories of the British (Hong
Kong, Malaysia, Burma), Dutch East
Indies, French Indochina, and the
American Philippines to control oil
reserves.
US places embargo [prohibition of
trade] against Japan
Japan retaliates: sneak attack on
Pearl Harbor; led directly to
American entry in WWII
Local resistance fighters cooperated
with British and American forces
against the Japanese.
Battle of Midway (1942): Japan tried to
eliminate US as a naval power in
Pacific; Allied forces decode plan and
sink 5 Japanese ships.
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Fall of the Japanese Empire
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June 1944: The Allies began bombing the
Japanese islands.
Japan does not cease
The US dropped two atomic bombs: one on
Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and
Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945.
Over 100,000 people were killed
immediately and about 100,000 people
died later from radiation poisoning.
August 15th, 1945: Japan surrendered,
ending WWII.
US occupies Japan; Korea divided between
USSR (N) and US (S); China regains most of
territory
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Peace Conferences
WWII killed 35 million people (20 million in Soviet
Union)
Leaders from the Axis and Allied Powers met to build a
more lasting peace.
Yalta Conference (February 1945): Discuss Europe
post-WWII
Germany to be divided into four zones after the war.
USSR will fight Japan in exchange for Manchuria
Potsdam Conference (July/August1945): Final postwar settlements were reached.
Final arrangements for Germany’s division
USSR controls eastern Poland; Poland gains
German territory
October 1945: United Nations established
Initiated international diplomacy and assistance
beyond the Western world.
Primary mission: provide a forum to settle
international disputes.
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Growing Power of US and USSR
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The devastation of World War II drained the
resources of the European powers, but
WWII also enhanced the power of the
United States and the USSR.
Independent nations created in 1918 were
restored and most fell under Soviet
domination.
Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Bulgaria
Atlantic Charter of 1941: an agreement
between the United States and Great
Britain that outlined goals of the war (later
agreed to by all Allies)
Restore self-government to colonies
1946: US grants Philippines
independence
France resists: Algeria and Indochina
stay French colonies
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QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
1) What event causes the fall of the Japanese Empire
in WWII?
2) What did the Yalta Conference determine?
3) What long-term change did the Atlantic Charter
stipulate must occur?
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1935: Government of India Act
Grants increased suffrage to Indians and
transferred local governments to Indians
1942: “Quit India Movement” was a massive civil
disobedience movement to end British control of India.
Demands for a separate Muslim state, led by the
Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Region saw vicious Hindu-Muslim, Muslim-Sikh
rioting before, during, and after partition.
1945-1947: power handed over to the leaders of the
NCP in India.
India led by Jawaharlal Nehru
Pakistan was created with Jinnah as the first
president; Eastern and western regions.
Major migrations
1970s: Bangladesh Liberation War
1972: East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh
1948: Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated.
Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) also gained
independence from Britain, but peacefully.
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Independence
in South Asia
(1947)
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Independence in Ghana (1957)
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African colonies were affected by WWII by
forced labor, confiscation of crops and
resources, and inflation.
Since African colonies had to supply
materials for mid-WWII Europe,
industrialization occurred in Africa.
Kwame Nkrumah led the decolonization
process to establish Ghana.
Nkrumah established the Convention
Peoples’ Party, and organized mass rallies,
boycotts, and strikes against British.
1957: Great Britain recognized Nkrumah as
the prime minister of independent Ghana.
First African colony to gain independence
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The Problem in Settler Colonies
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After independence in Ghana (1957), all of
France’s west African colonies had
independence by 1960.
1960: Belgium gave up the Congo, although
there was no real nationalist movement for
independence.
Settler colonies (Algeria, Kenya, South Africa)
saw more violence in decolonization because
European settlers were reluctant to turn
political control over to the African majority.
In Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta and his
nationalist party, the Kenya African Union,
formed the Land Freedom Army in the
1950s and used terror and guerilla warfare
against the British.
Kenya received independence in 1963;
Kenyatta serves as first Prime Minister.
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Tension in South Africa
Whites in South Africa are minority: split
between Afrikaners (Dutch descendants) and
English settlers.
In South Africa, the Afrikaners (Dutch
descendants) had no option to return to
Europe.
The Afrikaner National Party emerged as the
majority party in an all-white South African
legislature.
1948: Apartheid, extremely restrictive racial
segregation, was established to keep
Afrikaners in political and economic
dominance.
Africans cannot vote, separate living, poor
jobs
1961: win complete independence from
Britain, which came without violence.
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Creation of Israel (1948)
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The Holocaust fueled international
support for Zionism.
Post-WWII, Zionists were determined
to carve out a Jewish state in
Palestine.
Jewish immigration (Holocaust
survivors) to Palestine increased.
May 14th, 1948, the United Nations
approved the partition of Palestine into
Arab regions and Israel.
Arab protests; May 15th, 1948 ArabIsraeli War; Israeli victory and
expansion of Jewish territory
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QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
1) What group of Indians are frustrated with the Quit
India Movement and lobby to have their own country?
2) In terms of decolonization, what is the difference
between Tropical Dependency colonies and Settler
colonies?
3) What is the Apartheid?