Transcript Unit 8
Unit 8 The Holocaust World War II The Cold War Essential Questions What peoples were persecuted during World War II? 2. How were persecuted peoples (mis)treated during World War II? 3. What were the major events and developments of World War II? 4. What impact did World War II have on civilian populations? 1. Unit 8 vocab. Ghetto Kamikaze Concentration camps D-Day Holocaust V-E Day Axis powers V-J Day Allies Yalta Conference Blitzkrieg Potsdam Conference Nuremberg Trials Unit 8 vocab. Iron Curtain Truman Doctrine Containment NATO Warsaw Pact Arms Race The Holocaust Hitler blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems Suffering of WWI Treaty of Versailles Economic Crisis A long history of anti- Semitism in Europe made Jews an easy ‘scapegoat’ The Holocaust Nazis passed the ‘Nuremberg Laws’ in 1935 Allowed legal discrimination of Jews All Jews had to wear Star of David to be identified Many Jews were deported or moved away, but many more were not able to leave The Holocaust By 1941, Hitler controlled most of Europe Many European Jews came under Nazi control To deal with Jewish people, Nazi’s adopted a policy called the Final Solution The Holocaust Jewish people were killed by several methods throughout Europe Concentration camps Ghettos Death squads and mobile killing units Extermination camps Gas chambers and crematoriums The Holocaust The Holocaust The Holocaust Starting WWII Hitler promised he would restore Germany to greatness, and had complete power by 1933 Rebuilt the Germany military Controlled the economy Germany needed ‘lebensraum’ Annexed Austria (1938) Invaded Czechoslovakia (1938) Starting WWII European powers followed a policy of appeasement Gave in to Hitler’s demands and aggression in an attempt to avoid war Winston Churchill*, of Great Britain, opposed this policy Hitler and Stalin signed a non- aggression pact* Both leaders agreed not to attack the other Why would Hitler and Stalin (who hated each other) agree to this pact? Starting WWII Germany and Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact Hitler and Mussolini create Pact of Steel Alliances known as the Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan The War Begins On September 1st, 1939, Hitler’s Germany invaded Poland Used a tactic called Blitzkrieg, or ‘lightning war’ Combination of air attacks, then tanks/artillery, then ground troops Poland offered little resistance and was conquered in weeks The War Begins Britain and France declared war on Germany September 3rd 1939 Allies: Britain, France France prepared to be invaded The War Begins German forces invaded the North and Center of France Italian forces invaded the South The combined strength of Italy & Germany overwhelmed the French, who surrendered on June 22nd, 1940 The War Begins Some French Leaders escaped to Britain, where they would organize a resistance Charles De Gaulle Now only Great Britain stood in the way of Hitler Battle for Britain Hitler planned to destroy the British Royal Air Force So he could invade Britain Britain used new radar technology to aid them For the first time in the war Germany was stopped Battle for Britain Hitler used the ‘London Blitz’ to terrorize and break the spirit of the British people They did not surrender Hitler was forced to call off his plans of invading Britain Invasion of the Soviet Union June 1941 – Hitler broke his non-aggression pact with Stalin: invaded the Soviet Union Soviet soldiers not prepared for the invasion Germany invaded deep into Soviet territory Invasion of the Soviet Union German soldiers, however, were not prepared for the freezing Russian winter German progress slowed, and then stopped, and they briefly withdrew until Winter was over Gave the Soviet army time to re-build Japan Attacks Meanwhile as the Germans and Soviets were fighting in the cold winter of 1941… In 1941 Japan invaded French Indochina In response, America banned its sale of oil to Japan The Japanese secretly began planning an attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor Japan Attacks The Japanese fleet sailed for nearly two weeks undetected towards Hawaii Surprise attack began morning of December 7th, 1941 Base was lightly defended, many planes never had the chance to take off Japan Attacks The damage was devastating, but not complete Attack was less than 2 hours, but 2,400 killed. Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed, and all 8 battleships damaged or sunk Luckily, the 3 aircraft carriers were not in the harbor The American Response The United States had wanted to stay out of the war The attack at Pearl Harbor eliminated this feeling of isolationism December 8th, 1941, congress declared war on Japan 2 days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States American Home Front “When the attack began, …the explosion of bombs, the whine of bullets, the roar of planes, the belching guns of aroused defenders, the acrid smell of fire and smoke—all belched into a nerve-racking cacophony of chaos…Bombardiers still dropped their torpedoes, while dive bombers pounced like hawks” -Eyewitness account “I fear we have awaken a sleeping giant.” -Hideki Tojo Allies 1939 France Britain -------------- China 1942 Britain Soviet Union U.S.A. China French resistance Axis 1939 Germany Italy Japan 1942 Germany Italy Japan Battle for the Atlantic Control of the Atlantic was a critical factor in WWII Britain and Soviet Union depended on shipped supplies Germany desperately tried to stop them As in WWI, Germany extensively used U-Boats to attack allied ships Battle for the Atlantic The United States would quickly and drastically mobilize for war Millions volunteered Women took on new roles Factories produced millions of dollars of equipment American Home Front American Home Front American Home Front Turning the Tide of War After achieving victory at Stalingrad, the Soviets slowly pushed back the Germans from 1943-1945 January 1945, 40 miles from Berlin Turning the Tide of War Turning the Tide of War In Western Europe the Allies were planning DDay A massive land, air, and sea invasion Largest invasion in history General Dwight Eisenhower was supreme commander Goal was to re-capture France from Axis control D-Day was a success and France was liberated within months War Ends in Europe Following D-Day Germany was in retreat In December 1944 Hitler launched a massive and desperate counterattack Battle of the Bulge Created a ‘bulge’ in the defense lines War Ends in Europe By April, 1945, American and Soviet troops were in Germany Soviets surrounded Berlin first, May 2nd Also found the body of Hitler, who committed suicide Germany surrendered on May 7th, 1945 V-E Day War in the Pacific In the Pacific the Allies used a strategy of ‘island hopping’ ‘Leapfrogged’ past Japanese strongholds to conquer weaker islands Moving closer to mainland Japan Began bombing Japanese cities, including Tokyo War in the Pacific Battle of Coral Sea Japanese advance stopped Battle of Midway June 1942 American had broken secret Japanese code Won a decisive victory War in the Pacific In the Battle of Leyte Gulf the Japanese extensively used ‘kamikazes’ Battles for Iwo Jima and Okinawa Islands close to Japan To be used as a launching point for an invasion of Japan War in the Pacific Rough terrain, filled with holes and tunnels Japanese refused to surrender 7k Americans and 20k Japanese died in the fighting for Iwo Jima 12k Americans and 110k Japanese died in the fighting for Okinawa War Ends in the Pacific On August 6th, 1945 the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 70,000 died immediately 2/3 of the city destroyed August 9th a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki Japan surrendered on August 15th, ending World War II V-J Day Quiz Reading: The Holocaust Q&A Unit 8 notes: Holocaust –War Ends in the Pacific Unit 8 vocab. Quiz #1 What were the Nuremberg Laws? 2. How is it that millions of Jews were under Nazi control, when only a quarter million lived in Germany and Austria in 1939 3. Generally, describe the treatment of Jewish people under Nazi control during the Holocaust and the pattern of their experiences. 4. Besides the victims of the Holocaust, what are two other examples of civilians being persecuted or mistreated during, or as a result of, World War II? (Try to use specific examples) 1. Quiz #1 What event marked the beginning of World War II? What strategy/tactic did the Germans use to great effect in World War II? 6. Which countries made up the ‘Axis Powers’ of WWII? 7. What was very significant about the Battle of Britain? 8. What events brought the Soviet Union and United States into World War II? 5. Quiz #1 Which battles/events are considered ‘turning points’ in WWII 9. Eastern Europe: Western Europe: 10. Describe the Allied strategy in the Pacific region of World War II 11. How did the Allied Powers bring about an end to World War II? The Postwar World The Postwar World (pg.862-863) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What regions/nations experienced the heaviest losses and destruction of WWII? Besides casualties, how else were millions of people affected by the war? What was the goal of the Yalta Conference? Who were the leaders that met there? What new world organization was created after WWII? What was the purpose of this organization? Read the ‘Effects’ of WWII and write the one that you feel was most significant. Post-WWII With World War II coming to an end, the Allied nations took several steps to try and ensure a lasting peace after the war Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin made plans for Germany after WWII Promised to ensure democracy in previously conquered European nations Potsdam Conference Meeting that addressed concerns about Soviet intentions in Eastern Europe Creation of a ‘United Nations’ International organization designed to maintain peace and human rights around the world Post-WWII Following World War II the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as world ‘Superpowers’ Although allies in WWII, the U.S. and Soviet Union became bitter rivals Post-WWII After WWII, communism spread throughout East Europe Spread to China shortly after (1949) This created tension between democratic countries (U.S.) and the Soviet Union These tensions and conflicts are known as the Cold War The Cold War Major events and consequences of the Cold War: Division of Germany The Iron Curtain dividing West and East Europe U.S. directed Berlin Airlift to prevent communism from taking over the city The Berlin Wall, separating Berlin in two The Marshall Plan – United States gave billions in aid to help Western Europe after WWII Also, to help prevent communism from spreading Part of their containment policy and the Truman Doctrine The Cold War Formation of military alliances, NATO vs. Warsaw Pact The Cold War Korea divided between Soviet/communist North and American/democratic South Korean war fought from 1950-1953 Peninsula remains divided The Cold War Soviet Union development of nuclear weapons brought about an Arms Race Both sided pledged massive retaliation in case of war Led to a massive build-up of nuclear weapons and war technology Ensured peace through “mutually assured destruction” The Cold War The Cuban Missile Crisis is considered the closest the two nations came to war Cuba had become communist in 1959 Soviet Union installed nuclear weapons on the island 1962 Crisis was resolved with both sides making concessions Relations between U.S. and Cuba remain strained Nuclear Age Study the captions and images on pages 900-901 1. 2. 3. 4. How many countries possess nuclear weapons today? Which 3 countries have the most nuclear weapons? When did the Soviet Union test their first atomic bomb? In what year did the most amount of Nuclear weapons exist? How many existed? - There are thousands of nuclear weapons in existence, and during the cold war tensions were very high. Why then, do you believe, there has not been a ‘nuclear war’ or that nuclear weapons haven’t been used since the end of World War II? The Cold War In Vietnam, communist rebels forced the French out of their country Vietnam was temporarily divided between North (communist) and South (anti-Communist) The U.S. sent forces to help resist communist rebels, who were supported by the Soviet Union and China The Cold War The Vietnam War (1956 – 1973) devastated the country and population of Vietnam 58,000 Americans KIA Led to massive anti-war protests in the United States The U.S. eventually withdrew their forces, and Vietnam was reunited under communist leader Ho Chi Minh Remains one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia The Cold War 1978 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support communist forces their Communist seized control of much of Afghanistan U.S. armed and trained anticommunist forces, who resisted the Soviets for over a decade Soviets withdrew forces in 1992 Much like Vietnam for the United States, the war was very costly for the Soviet Union The Cold War By the 1980s the Soviet Union economy was in crisis Expensive wars Massive shortages of consumer goods Increasing protests from Soviet republics The Cold War In 1988 and 1989 many Eastern European nations broke away from the Soviet Union Russia was powerless to stop this By 1991 the Soviet Union had collapsed The Cold War was over