Transcript The War in Europe

 1. People are desperate:
 Treaty of Versailles: Brutally punishes Germany
 Demilitarized, pay reparations, territories taken
 People want a leader who will stand up for Germany and
make it great again
 Worldwide Depression: Hits France, Britain and
Germany particularly hard
 High poverty, unemployment, widespread inflation
 League of Nations is ineffective
 US never joins
 Members disobey rules but aren’t punished
 2. Some totalitarian governments are willing to go to war to
solve the people’s problems:
 Fascism: Glorifies war, extreme nationalism, the nation is
more important than individuals, imperialistic
 Italian Dictator: Benito Mussolini (1921-1945)
 Wants to create another Roman Empire
 Nazism: Similar to Fascism but also includes severe racism
and anti-Semitism
 German Fuhrer: Adolf Hitler (1932-1945)
 Wants to create the Third Reich: Great German Empire
 Wants to eliminate all who are not part of the “Aryan Race”,
including Jews, Slavs, homosexuals, handicapped,
Communists, gypsies, Muslims, etc.
 Historians often cite the harshness of the Treaty of
Versailles on Germany as a primary cause of the
eventual outbreak of World War II. Summarize two
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles relating to
Germany and discuss how each helped lead to World
War II. Write your answer in the (4 points)
 US: Most are isolationist
 Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)
 Fear of another war prompts US to make laws to avoid
involvement with countries at war
 No sale or shipment of arms to belligerent nations
 No loans or credits to belligerents (nations at war)
 No traveling by US citizens on ships of belligerents
 Nonmilitary goods purchased by warring nations are
paid in cash and transported by their own ships
= Cash and Carry Principle
 Roosevelt has growing concern about aggressive acts of
Japan, Germany and Italy
 Germany: Builds military, took Rhineland and annexes Austria
 Japan: Took over Manchurian China and Korea
 Italy: Took over Ethiopia and other areas of North Africa
 Responding to Japan’s invasion of China, he proposes that
democratic nations join to “quarantine” aggressor nations
 League of Nations did nothing: Countries didn’t want
another war
 Most of US still isolationist, disagrees with speech, so govt
continues to avoid involvement
 After World War I, the League of Nations was created to
help resolve international conflicts before they led to war.
What did Japan’s successful invasion of Manchuria in 1931
indicate about the ability of the League of Nations to
prevent World War II?
 A. The League had little power to stop acts of aggression.
 B. The League was concerned only with disputes in Europe.
 C. The League’s army was unprepared for modern warfare.
 D. The League was led by countries with the weakest
military forces.
 Japan, Italy and Germany continue to violate the
League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles
 Hitler wants to annex Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
 League of Nations does not agree with violations but
doesn’t want another world war
 The Munich Conference (1938): Britain and France
follow a policy of appeasement
 Policy of giving in to the demands of rival power in order
to avoid war=fails
 After, Hitler invades Poland in Sept. 1939, Britain and
France declare war
 Britain and France suffered heavily from the worldwide
depression. Because of this, when faced with Axis
expansion before World War II, these countries were
 A. unwilling to take actions that might start another war,
called appeasement.
 B. prepared to use military intervention wherever
necessary.
 C. dependent on the United States to intervene in an
international crisis.
 D. reluctant to call upon the League of Nations to settle
disputes.
 Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
 Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Soviet Union (1941)
 1940: Hitler invades Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark,
Luxembourg, then France, all who surrender within a few
months
 Free French leave country or operate underground
 French Puppet government under German control
 Great Britain is alone: Blitz bombing by Germans
 76 straight days: 60, 000 civilians die, target museums
 When Germans can’t beat Brits they break treaty and attack
Soviet Union
 Stalin was a brutal dictator but Allies welcome his help to win
 Holocaust: Hitler kills millions in concentration camps
 Neutrality Act of 1939:
Concerned about German
victories, FDR wants to change neutrality law
 US-made war supplies could be sold to belligerents if
cash and carry principle was followed
 Destroyers-for-Bases Deal: To helps Brits to defend
themselves from submarine attacks
 US gives Brits 50 Destroyer ships in exchange for 8
British naval/air bases around the world
 Lend-Lease Act (1940): FDR persuades Congress to
lend/lease war supplies to Britain to protect
democracy
 US is not at war, but no longer completely neutral
 FDR wins unprecedented 3rd term in 1940
 Summer 1941: FDR and Churchill meet
 Discuss self determination for all nations
 Agree not to take territory and to disarm aggressors
 Pledge collective security and economic cooperation
 Decide to beat Germany first, then Japan
 What was the United States foreign policy during the
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first part of WWII in 1939-1940?
Neutrality which is stay out of war and but trade with
allies.
Mobilization which is to get ready for war.
Isolationism which means not to be involved in any
foreign problems.
Nationalism which is to have pride in your country.
 The Philippines: Capital-Manila; 131,000 US and
Filipino troops
 Wake Island: 2500 US troops
 Guam: 547 Marines
 Midway Island
 US naval base in Oahu, Hawaii (US territory)
 Japanese want to take out our fleet so we can’t defend
other US bases in the Pacific
 Plan to break off negotiations with US and then
launch surprise attack
 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, as well as US bases in
Guam, Midway and the Philippines
 Surprise Attack: Japanese war planes take off from
aircraft carriers to attack Pearl Harbor
 Kamikaze pilots dive bomb our ships
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwxQgoY&list=PL1B19928C
710059FB
 US: 2400 killed, 1200 wounded, 70 civilians dead
 188 aircraft destroyed, 155 others damaged
 Japanese lose 29 aircraft, but 111 damaged
 Japanese ultimatum not received until 55 min. after
the attack begins-sneak attack
 Yamamoto “I fear we have awakened a sleeping giant”
 US Pacific fleet is devastated, except aircraft carriers
 Sunk 18 ships, including five battleships
 Need at least six months to rebuild; gives Japan time to
take more Pacific islands
 Didn’t bomb our oil storage or US submarines
 Dec. 8th: FDR asks Congress to declare war and has a
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Fireside Chat to explain it to the people
Dec. 12th: US declares war on Japan
Germany declares war on the US
Japan takes Guam, Wake, Midway and Philippines
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia and US
Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan
 What was the immediate action of the United States in
response to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor?
 A. The United States warned the Japanese to stop
aggressive actions.
 B. The United States entered World War II.
 C. The United States entered World War I.
 D. The United States threatened to enter World War II.
 Begins Spring 1942: 120,000 live on west coast
 After attack on Pearl Harbor they’re considered
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“disloyal” and possible spies
It begins with a curfew and boycotting of Japanese
businesses
Then forced to pack up belongings in 3 days, only bring
what fits in two suitcases
Leave homes, school and businesses
Sent to Internment Camps or “Relocation” Centers
Held under constant supervision and live in barracks
with no heat or a/c
 Violation of Civil Liberties justified by “Clear and
Present Danger” and threat to National Security
 Korematsu vs. US: Supreme Court defends act as
constitutional based on “military necessity”
 1943: Allow them to join army; 33,000 serve
 442nd: most decorated unit in in US history
 Legalized racism and violation of Bill of Rights
 Japanese American Citizens League fights for
compensation after WWII
 1990: $20,000 in reparations sent to families
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
6mr97qyKA2s
 During World War II, Japanese-Americans were
relocated from their homes on the West Coast of the
United States to internment camps in the U.S. interior.
This action indicated a widespread fear that JapaneseAmericans were
 A. a threat to national security.
 B. members of the Communist Party.
 C. competitors for jobs in wartime factories.
 D. immigrating to the United States in large numbers.
 New Deal infrastructure and programs allows for rapid
organization
 GNP doubles; no more unemployment
 Our massive production wins us the war
 Incomes rise
 Farmer’s income triples
 US becomes an
“arsenal of democracy”
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 Helps companies transition from peacetime to
wartime products
 Feb. 1942: End of car production
 Factories converted to produce tanks/planes
 Soft drink factory-filling shells with explosives
 New ships yards race to make ships for US Navy
 Make a whole ship in 56 days
 Prefabricated parts allow for quick assembly
 10 million men overseas-need workers
 6 million new female workers
 Earn 60 cents for every $1 a man would make
 Rosie the Riveter: Do their part, prove ability
 1942: Women’s Army Corps (WACs)
 350,000 women serve in
non-combat positions
 Set up rationing system to save scarce goods essential
for military use
 Based on size of family and occupation
 Books of coupons to buy goods like meat, shoes, sugar,
butter, coffee and gas
 Limits on prices, rent, etc. to make things affordable
 Voluntary loan to the government to pay for the war
effort, get $ back later with interest
 $20-$1000: Everyone can help
 Heroes and celebrities at war bond drives
 Ex: Bond worth $18.75 will mature in 10 years and be
worth $25
 WPB organizes drives to collect scrap metal, rubber,
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paper, tins cans, and cooking fat to recycle into war
goods
Kids search attics, garages and junk yards
5 month long drive at Chicago School collects 36
million pounds of paper (65 lbs. each)
People conserve use of gas
Victory Garden: Plant own
food to help save for troops
-20 million in 1944
 Selective Service Act of 1940: Draft men into armed
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forces
Segregated Military: Various ethnic groups still serve
African Americans: Millions migrate to north to join
defense industry
Fair Employment Practices Commission & Congress
on Racial Equality
More than 1 million serve
in armed forces
 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces
 1943: Anti-Mexican “Zoot Suit” Riots in LA
 25,000 Native Americans join service
 Navajo Code Talkers serve in the Pacific
 400 join Marines to transmit radio message
 During WWII the War at Home was crucial. Explain
two ways American’s helped the war efforts from
home. (2 pts.)
 D-Day: Largest land/air/sea offensive in US history
 April 12, 1945: FDR has a stroke and dies; the nation
mourns and Truman becomes President
 April 30th, 1945: Hitler commits suicide in bunker
beneath Berlin
 Victory in Europe Day- May 8th, 1945: Eisenhower
accepts Germany’s unconditional surrender
 August 1945: US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki ending the war with Japan shortly after
 55 million people dead worldwide
 16 million US soldiers serve; 320,000 were killed
 Why the Allies won:
 Great Leadership: FDR and Churchill
 Resources: US already had almost everything they needed
for war production and New Deal infrastructure
 US has massive production capability and no one
bombing our factories
 Hitler’s two-front war: It was a mistake to invade USSR
 Freedom vs. Fascism? We were fighting for a greater
cause; they were fighting for a leader (Hitler/Hirohito)
 US forces under MacArthur’s command will occupy
Japan for 7 years; Hirohito remains Emperor
 US writes their Constitution: No military allowed
 To this day, they only have a small # of defense forces
 Constitutional monarchy with basic freedoms and
universal suffrage
 Free market economy: Amazing recovery, embrace
American culture
 War Crimes Trials in Tokyo and Nuremburg
 Splitting of Korea with Soviet Union as we give back
territory taken by the Japanese
 USSR occupies the north (48th parallel) Communist
 US occupies the south, supports Democratic govt