Ozone Depletion I
Download
Report
Transcript Ozone Depletion I
World War II
Liberalism in the Interwar Period
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Disillusionment with BOP politics
National self-determination:
– Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic countries
Liberal Idealism:
– Woodrow Wilson: “The Fourteen Points”
The League of Nations (1920)
Collective security principle
–
–
–
–
Aggression against one is aggression against all (art. 16)
Outlaw aggression
Pledge to assist victims of aggression
Act collectively against aggressor
Decisions by unanimity
US did not join the League
Treaty of Locarno (1925): allows Germany into the League
The Failure of Collective Security
Japanese invasion of Manchuria (1931)
Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
German annexation of Sudetenland
(Czechoslovakia) 1938
– Munich Agreement between Hitler and Chamberlein
Hitler’s Rise to Power
National Socialist Party (Nazis) win and becomes
chancellor: 1933
– National humiliation
– Economy devastated
– Hyper inflation
Totalitarian state system
Fascist and nationalist ideology
Expansionist foreign policy
Appeasing Hitler
March into Rhineland (1936)
Annexation of Austria (1938)
The Munich Agreement over Czechoslovakia
(1938)
Treaty between Germany and USSR
Blitzkrieg and Over-reach
Germany invades Norway, Holland, Belgium,
France, pushes back the British
Germany invades USSR (1942)
Japan and the US get involved (1941)
Germany defeated: 1945
The Nuremberg Trials (1945-1949)
Causes of WWII?
Structural Causes
Post WWI peace unstable: Treaty of Versailles
Failure of institutions and collective security
Failure to balance German power
Domestic Politics
Rise of fascism in Germany, Spain, Italy
Isolationism in the US
Imperialism in Japan
The Great Depression and economic collapse
Internal divisions in liberal democracies
The Role of Individuals
Hitler’s war?
Poor judgment on the part of Neville
Chamberlain?
Miscalculation of by Japanese leadership?
Wrong lessons learned from WWI?
Was World War II inevitable?
What factors contributed most to this event?
Lessons of WWII
Appeasement leads to larger conflicts
Nationalism taken to extreme dangerous
Disillusionment with collective security and
international institutions
The Holocaust: “Never Again!”
War and Its Causes
Frequency of war: 5500 years of recorded history: 14,500 wars.
278 from 1480 to 1940.
224 from 1816 to 1980
Several causes of war (Farnsworth, 1992):
Human nature
Balance of power theory: imbalances cause war, equilibrium causes
peace
Arms races and security dilemma
Number of states in system - both directions: some argue more equal
powers equals less war; others like Waltz that fewer is better
Demands of domestic system - capitalist economies battle over rights to
resources; competing economic/political systems; colonial wars;
Nationalism
Bad leadership and policy choices