Transcript Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order

Ch 29 The Collapse of
the Old Order
1929–1949
The Stalin Revolution
Five-Year Plans
 Stalin
set about the task of
industrializing the Soviet Union in
such a way as to increase the power
of the Communist Party domestically
and to increase the power of the
Soviet Union in relation to other
countries.
Industrial Production
Emphasis on
development of major
industries (oil, coal,
steel, electricity)
 Lack of attention to
production of consumer
goods (housing,
clothing, furniture)
 Persistent shortages
 Use of forced labor to
meet industrial targets

70
60
50
40
1927-8
1932
30
20
10
0
Pig iron
Steel
Oil
Steel workers
Coal
Collectivization of Agriculture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcumJNNX0q
c
The Second Five-Year Plan (1933–1937)
was originally intended to increase the
output of consumer goods
 However fear of the Nazi regime in
Germany prompted Stalin to shift the
emphasis to heavy industries and
armaments.

Terror and Opportunities

industrialization and collectivization
=threats and force.

Stalin used the NKVD (secret police) in
order to create a climate of terror
Many Soviet citizens supported Stalin’s
regime in spite of the fear and hardships.
 Stalinism created:
 new opportunities for women to join the
workforce
 obedient, unquestioning people to rise
within the ranks of the Communist Party,


In the late 1930s the contrast between the
economic strength of the Soviet Union and
the Depression troubles of the capitalist
nations gave many the impression that
Stalin’s planned economy was a success.
The Depression
Economic Crisis
New York stock market October 29, 1929
caused: a chain reaction in which:
 consumers cut their purchases
 companies laid off workers
 small farms failed.


On the international scale, the stockmarket collapse led New York banks to
recall their loans to Germany and Austria,
thus ending their payment of reparations
to France and Britain, who then could not
repay their war loans to the United States

In the United States, Britain, and France,
governments used economic programs.

In Germany and Japan, radical politicians
devoted their economies to military buildup,
Depression in Nonindustrial Regions

The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and
Latin American

India and China were not dependent on
foreign trade and thus were little affected.

In Latin America the Depression led to the
establishment of military dictatorships
Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s.
 The increasing value of gold and the
relatively cheaper copper deposits of
Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo
led to a mining boom that benefited
European and South African mine owners.

The Rise of Fascism
Mussolini’s Italy
In postwar Italy thousands of unemployed
veterans and violent youths banded together in
fasci di combattimento to demand action,
 Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became
leader of the Fascist Party and used the fasci di
combattimento to force the government to
appoint him to the post of prime minister.


In power, Mussolini installed Fascist Party
members in all government jobs and
crushed all sources of opposition.

Mussolini and the Fascist movement
excelled at propaganda and glorified war

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7CT5
TDwxEc
Hitler’s Germany
Germany had been hard-hit by:
 Treaty of Versailles
 The hyperinflation of 1923, and the
Depression.
 So who do you blame?


socialists, Jews, and foreigners
ADOLF HITLER
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What led to Adolf Hitler’s
rise to power and the
Nazis ruling Germany?
A DICTATOR IS BORN
♂ Adolf Hitler
was born in
Braunau am
Inn, near Linz,
Austria on
April 20, 1889
KLARA and ALOIS: THE
PARENTS OF A
MONSTER
HITLER AS A YOUTH
LEFT: Hitler at age 13
BELOW: Hitler, part of
a church choir group
Adolf was an
intelligent child, but a
poorly performing
student, both of
Adolf’s parents died
when he was a
teenager, leaving him
with a modest
inheritance; Adolf
sought to become an
artist
THE YEARS IN VIENNA
In January 1908, the 19
year old Adolf moved to
the city of Vienna, the
capital of Austria
 Adolf tries to enter the
Academy of Arts, but is
rejected; his audition
painting was deemed not
good enough

THE ACADEMY OF ARTS IN
VIENNA
SAMPLES OF HITLER’S ART
This 1914 painting is titled:
"The Courtyard of the Old Residency
in Munich."
A 1914 painting:
"Ruins
of a Cloister in Messines."
ONE OF HITLER’S GREAT LOVES:
THE MUSIC OF RICHARD WAGNER
♫Adolf enjoyed the opera music of
Richard Wagner, whose stirring music
glorified Germany and often had
warlike themes (such as “Ride of the
Valkyries”)
♫ Wagner’s music had a profound
effect on the young Adolf Hitler
GERMAN COMPOSER
RICHARD WAGNER
FIRST EXPOSURE TO POLITICS
GEORG VON SCHOENERER
KARL LUEGER
Galician Jews are present in Vienna. As with much of Europe, there are
anti-Semitic feelings in Vienna (it was Adolf’s first exposure to antiSemitism). The politics of Georg von Schoenerer (an anti-Semite) and
Vienna’s mayor, Karl Lueger (who said the public would do without
freedoms for security), would have an influence on young Hitler.
POLITICIZATION
OF HITLER
It is while living in Vienna
that Adolf first learns of
the ideas of mystical
German nationalism and
the “Aryan ideal”; these
ideas would shape the
Nazi ideology decades
later, as exemplified in
this 1930s poster
When World War I
breaks out, Adolf
Hitler finds a
purpose; he
volunteers to be a
soldier for the
country he
adored: Germany
WARTIME SERVICE
 Hitler served as a dispatch
runner (messenger) on the
Western Front, carrying
messages from headquarters
to the trenches by bicycle.
 It was often a dangerous
assignment; Hitler was
wounded twice in one week in
1916 and sent to Germany to
recover.
 Awarded medals for bravery
(including the Iron Cross), he
returned to fight in 1917.
AN ANGRY YOUNG MAN
 Adolf Hitler never forgot
the humiliation that
Germany was served at the
hands of the Allies.
Corporal Hitler (right) with two fellow German
soldiers, one of whom is missing a leg
As he recovered at a Stettin hospital
from eye injuries suffered in an Allied
poison gas attack in Ypres, Hitler heard
about Germany’s defeat. His reaction:
“The burning in my eyes
could not match the hate
burning in my heart. From
that moment, I knew I
should enter politics.”
GERMANY AFTER THE GREAT WAR
(1919-1923)
An anti-Communist poster

Many Germans were
disillusioned after the
defeat in the Great War
and hated the democratic
government that took
power after WWI (the
Weimar Republic)

Ex-soldiers like Hitler felt
that they had been
“stabbed in the back” by
Jews and Communists
back home in Germany;
they felt that they had not
been defeated on the
battlefield
A SOLDIER WITHOUT A WAR
Hitler learned of the Germans’ destiny as the
“master race” and of the “economic conspiracy”
of the world’s Jews against the Fatherland
 Hitler, now 30 years old, also discovered while at
Munich that he had a flair for public speaking,
delivering several passionate speeches at the
local university and transfixing audiences

PARTY MEMBER #55
 Hitler agreed with the Nazi’s party’s views and became a member
in 1920
 Later on, he became a party leader, recruiting many German
soldiers from his barracks; Hitler’s goal was to seize the German
Workers’ Party and reshape it to his own ends
THE NAZI PARTY
With Hitler becoming its new leader, the German Workers’ Party
later became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (in
German: Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei). The
party’s name was abbreviated as NSDAP and shortened to “Nazi”
THE SWASTIKA
NAZI USE OF THE SWASTIKA

The swastika is an ancient
symbol that has been used for
over 3,000 years by many
cultures, representing life,
strength, and good luck.
HITLER ON TRIAL FOR SEDITION
In February 1924, Hitler
was brought to trial.
The trial was a political
circus: the judge was
sympathetic to Hitler and
allowed him to express his
political views.
Hitler and several of his fellow Nazis during a break in the trial
Charged of treason against the
unpopular Weimar Republic, Hitler
proclaimed: “There is no such
thing as treason against the
traitors of 1918.”
Hitler made statements
during the trial that made
him well-known nationally
and increased his
popularity with Germans.
MEIN KAMPF: “MY STRUGGLE”
 Hitler received a light sentence and
only served 9 months in a minimum
security prison. He spent most of his
time writing his autobiography.
 Mein Kampf expressed Hitler’s beliefs
 Two of the major issues he addressed
in Mein Kampf were:
1. Lebensraum (“living space”): Germany
must take over other countries,
especially Russia, for the use of the
German “master race”.
2. Anti-Semitism: inferior races, especially
the Jews, must be destroyed.
When times are bad…
…people turn to extremes for answers
The Nazis’
Power
Increases
CHANCELLOR HITLER
 The aging
German President
Paul von Hindenburg
appoints Hitler as
chancellor in
January 1933.
Hitler’s power was increasing (over one million
members of the Nazi Party and 400,000 men in his
private army), so Hindenburg thought to contain the
Nazis by offering Hitler a position in the government.
CHANCELLOR HITLER
 When Hindenburg
dies of
old age, Chancellor Hitler
takes the President’s role
and power as well.
 Combining the titles of
president and chancellor,
Adolf Hitler becomes Der
Fuhrer (The Leader)
THE REICHSTAG FIRE
Within a disaster
lay an
opportunity for
Hitler… an
opportunity to
eliminate his
worst political
enemies:
the
Communists
ELIMINATING POLITICAL ENEMIES
 On February 27, 1933, a “feeble minded” Dutch
Communist named Martinus van der Lubbe set the
Reichstag (Germany’s government) building on fire
 Hitler used this fire as a reason outlaw the
Communist Party and arrest their leaders
 With the Enabling Act, the Reichstag gave Hitler
dictatorial powers because of this “crisis”
 CONSPIRACY: The Nazis may have helped start the
fire in the Reichstag building
 Hitler used his new powers to outlaw all other
political parties and abolish trade unions
Hitler was now “Der Fuhrer” both in name
and in fact
ELIMINATING RIVAL NAZIS
June 30, 1934: “The Night of the Long Knives”
Hitler’s black-shirted SS murderers killed over 1000 Nazis who
were seen as threats to Hitler’s power in the Nazi Party
THE THIRD REICH
The Nazis identified their rule as the successor to the
Holy Roman Empire (the First Reich) and the Bismarckcreated German Empire of 1871 (the Second Reich)
The Nazis called their new empire the
“Third Reich”
VICIOUS ANTI-SEMITISM
Hitler’s racial views were
put in everything
Germans read or saw
In this German children’s
book, a pious mother
teaches her little son,
The children’s book “Der Giftpilz”
(The Poisonous Mushroom)
“The Jew is the
most poisonous
mushroom in
existence.”
HITLER’S FIERY SPEECHES
 One of the greatest
weapons in Hitler’s arsenal
as he battled for power was
his ability to deliver
apocalyptic and convincing
speeches
 http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Owj7Sg_xJr4
“If the international Jewish financiers in and
outside Europe should succeed in plunging the
nations once more into a world war, then the
result will not be the Bolshevizing of the Earth,
and thus the victory of Jewry, but the
annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"
Adolf Hitler on January 30, 1939
This Nazi propaganda poster reads,
“Behind the
enemy powers:
the Jew”
East Asia, 1931–1945
The Manchurian Incident of 1931
The Chinese Communists and the
Long March
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=YAPddtJNbEc
The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945

On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops attacked
Chinese forces near Beijing, forcing the
Japanese government to initiate a full-scale war
of invasion against China.

The United States and the League of Nations
made no efforts to stop the Japanese invasion,

In the conduct of the war, the Japanese troops
proved to be incredibly violent, committing
severe atrocities when they took Nanjing in the
winter of 1937–1938 and initiating a “kill all,
burn all, loot all” campaign in 1940.
Chiang Kai-shek escaped to the mountains of
Sichuan, where Chiang built up a large army to
prepare for future confrontation with the
Communists.
 In Shaanxi province, Mao built up his army,
formed a government, and skillfully presented
the Communist Party as the only group in China
that was serious about fighting the Japanese.

The Second World War
The War of Movement
 World
War I was a war of defensive
maneuvers, but in World War II the
introduction of motorized weapons
gave back the advantage to the
offensive, as may be seen in
Germany’s blitzkrieg (lightning war)
and in American and Japanese use of
aircraft carriers.
War in Europe and North Africa
It took less than a month for Germany to
conquer Poland.
 After a lull during the winter of 1939–
1940, Hitler went on an offensive in March
that made him the master of all of Europe
between Spain and Russia by the end of
June.

Hitler’s attempt to invade Britain was
foiled by the British Royal Air Force’s
victory in the Battle of Britain (June–
September 1940).
 In 1941 Hitler launched a massive invasion
of the Soviet Union; his forces, successful
at first, were stopped by the winter
weather of 1941–1942 and finally
defeated at Stalingrad in February 1943.

In Africa, the Italian offensive in British
Somaliland and Egypt, although initially
successful, was turned back by a British
counterattack.
 German forces came to assist the Italians, but
they were finally defeated at Al Alamein in
northern Egypt by the British, who had the
advantage of more plentiful weapons and
supplies and better intelligence.

War in Asia and the Pacific

In July 1941 France allowed Japan to
occupy Indochina; the United States and
Britain responded by stopping shipments
of steel, scrap iron, oil, and other products
that Japan needed.
In response, the Japanese chose to go to war,
hoping that a surprise attack on the United
States would be so shocking that the Americans
would accept Japanese control over Southeast
Asia rather than continuing to fight against
Japan.
 Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Harbor
on December 7, 1941 and proceeded to occupy
all of Southeast Asia and the Dutch East Indies
within the next few months.

The United States joined Britain and the Soviet
Union in an alliance called the United Nations (or
the Allies).
 By June 1942 the United States had destroyed
four of Japan’s six largest aircraft carriers;
aircraft carriers were the key to victory in the
Pacific, and since Japan did not have the
industrial capacity to replace the carriers, the
Japanese were now faced with a long and
hopeless war.

The End of the War
By 1943 the Soviet Red Army was
receiving supplies from factories in Russia
and the United States.
 The Soviet offensive in the east combined
with Western invasions of Sicily and Italy
in 1943 and of France in 1944 to defeat
Germany in May 1945.

By May 1945 American bombing and submarine
warfare had devastated the Japanese economy
and cut Japan off from its sources of raw
materials, while Asians who had initially
welcomed the Japanese as liberators from white
colonialism were now eager to see the Japanese
leave.
 The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in August 1945 convinced Japan to sign terms of
surrender early the next month.

Chinese Civil War and Communist
Victory
After the Japanese surrender in
September 1945 the Guomindang and
Communist forces began a civil war that
lasted until 1949.
 The Guomindang had the advantage of
more troops and weapons and American
support, but its brutal and exploitative
policies and its printing of worthless paper
money eroded popular support.

The Communists built up their forces with
Japanese equipment gained from the Soviets
and American equipment gained from deserting
Guomindang soldiers and won popular support,
especially in Manchuria, by carrying out a radical
land reform program.
 On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong announced the
founding of the People’s Republic of China as
Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces were
being driven off the mainland to Taiwan.

The Character of Warfare
Why was it the War of Science?
World War II was different from previous
wars both in its enormous death toll and
in the vast numbers of refugees that were
generated during the war.
 The unprecedented scale of human
suffering during the war was due to a
change in moral values and to the
appearance of new technologies of
warfare.

Science had a significant impact on the
technology of warfare.
 This may be seen in the application of scientific
discoveries to produce synthetic rubber and
radar, in developments in cryptanalysis and
antibiotics, in the development of aircraft and
missiles, and in the United States government’s
organization of physicists and engineers in order
to produce atomic weapons.

What’s the importance of
bombingf Bombing Raids
The British and Americans excelled at bombing
raids that were intended not to strike individual
buildings, but to break the morale of the civilian
population.
 Massive bombing raids on German cities caused
substantial casualties, but armament production
continued to increase until late 1944, and the
German people remained obedient and hardworking.

The Holocaust
Nazi killings of civilians were part of a calculated
policy of exterminating whole races of people.
 German Jews were deprived of their citizenship
and legal rights and herded into ghettoes, where
many died of starvation and disease.
 In early 1942 the Nazis decided to apply modern
industrial methods in order to slaughter the
Jewish population of Europe in concentration
camps like Auschwitz.
 This mass extermination, now called the
Holocaust, claimed some 6 million Jewish lives.

Holocaust
Holocaust
is a
word of Greek
origin meaning
"sacrifice by fire."
The Problem

Based on your prior knowledge, what are
some of the injustices the Jewish
population faced?
Gathering Evidence




You will be viewing six photographs and
a short video
As you watch please gather evidence of
injustices that the Jewish population
faced during the Holocaust.
Record your observations on the note
sheet provided.
We will have a class discussion based on
the evidence you gathered.
Evidence Sheet
Task Directions

Please use the evidence sheet provided
to record your observations as you view
the following slides.

Evidence Sheet
Photograph One
Imagine the conditions on those trains. What would it
be like?
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photo Archives
Photograph
Two
Notice their clothing. What do you see? What does
that mean?
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photo Archives
Photograph Three
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photo Archives
Photograph
Four
Look at the details of this picture. How are the prisoners dressed?
How are they standing? What inferences can you make?
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photo Archives
Photograph Five
Based on this photo, what inferences can you make about
the treatment in the camps?
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photo Archives
Photograph 6
Imagine sleeping in these quarters.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photo Archives
Video
Link to video from the United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum website about
the liberation of death camp known as
Auschwitz.
Video
Maximize the Real Player video screen to
view the video.
Conclusive Statements
What statements can you make
about the treatment of the Jewish
population based on the evidence
gathered while looking at the
photographs and video?
War and the Environment?