Transcript Dual Ch22 WWII

The Home Front
 Focus Question:
How did the United States mobilize
economic resources and promote popular
support for the war effort?
The Home Front:
Government and
Economics
•
Mobilizing for War
Building the Military
• To win the war, the U.S. had
to build up its armed forces.
• The Selective Service
created a plan for the first
peacetime draft in
American history.
• GIs, named after the initials
on their uniforms meaning
“Government Issue,” went
through basic training for eight
weeks.
• Rationing went into
effect as demand for
raw materials and
supplies increased
and created
shortages.
• Each month a book of
ration coupons was
given to each
household for
processed foods and
meats, fats, and oils.
Rationing
No matter how much
cash you had, if you
had used all your
points -- no sale!!!
Meat was
tagged by the
number of
points
needed for
purchase.
• Victory gardens were planted to produce
more food for the war effort.
• Scrap drives were organized to collect spare
rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel.
• Most Americans were united in the goal of
winning the war.
• Hollywood Goes to War
• Office of War Information: War propaganda
controlled. War bonds and pro-democracy
• To raise money for
the war…..
• The government
raised taxes,
covering about 45
percent of the cost of
the war.
• E-bonds were sold to
Americans. By
buying bonds,
Americans were
loaning money to
the government.
The Home Front:
Business and Labor
•
•
Business and the War
Labor in Wartime
A Nation on the Move
• 15 million Americans moved west and south
for jobs during the war.
• This created a
new industrial
region called
the Sunbelt.
• FDR created the War
Production Board
(WPB) to set
priorities and
production goals and
controlled the
distribution of raw
materials and
supplies.
• Government and
industry
cooperated with
each other.
American Industry Gets the Job Done
• After Pearl Harbor,
almost all major
American industries
converted to war
production.
• Example: automobile
factories turned to the
production of trucks,
jeeps, and tanks.
Converting the Economy
• Industrial output during the war:
U.S.
Germany
Japan
• This turned the tide in favor of an Allied
victory.
• How did the U.S.
produce so much?
• Cost-plus
contracts - the
government
guaranteed
industries a
profit if they
would manufacture
what was needed
for the war.
Cars to
American industry
“re-tooled” and
tanks
converted from
peace-time
production to
war-time
production.
• Henry Ford created an assembly line for
B-24 bombers.
The Home Front:
Women
•
•
Women at War
Women at Work
• Congress established
the Women’s Army
Auxiliary Corps
(WAACs) in May
1942.
• Each branch of the
Armed Forces set
up its own women’s
organization.
• Labor shortage
hiring of married
women for “men’s
work.”
• “Rosie the
Riveter” became a
symbol for the
campaign to hire
women.
• 2.5 million women
entered the
manufacturing
workforce.
Women jobs
American women were urged
to “do their part” by taking
jobs normally held by men.
The American Dilemma
 Focus Question:
How did American minorities face
threats to their freedom at home and
abroad during World War II?
The American Dilemma:
Mexican-Americans
•
•
The Bracero Program
Mexican-American Rights
• Bracero Program - arranged for Mexican
farmworkers to come to the U.S. to help
harvest fruits and vegetables on farms.
• More than 200,000 Mexicans came to help
with the harvest and to build and maintain
railroads.
• Crimes committed by
youths rose dramatically.
• The zoot suit, baggy
pants and overstuffed,
knee-length jacket with
wide lapels, seemed
unpatriotic to many that
were saving fabric for the
war effort.
• The zoot suit was worn
by many Mexican
American teens.
• When zoot suiters were rumored to have
attacked several sailors, 2,500 soldiers and
sailors stormed into Mexican American
neighborhoods in Los Angeles.
The American Dilemma:
Asian-Americans
•
Indians during the War
–
•
Navaho Code Talkers
Japanese-American Internment
Navajo Code
Talkers
Navajo language had no written alphabet and known
only to Navajo people. Code words for tanks, aircraft
and ships created. Relayed Japanese positions during
battles; Japanese unable to decipher.
• In early 1942, FDR Executive Order 9981
declared the West Coast a military zone,
and all people of Japanese ancestry were
evacuated to 10 internment camps.
Army considered Japanese potential spies.
*Korematsu v. US - Supreme Court upheld
internment policy.
Greatest civil liberties violation during WWII.
No sabotage was ever proven against a JapaneseAmerican citizen. Camps closed in March 1946.
1988 - Pres. Reagan formally apologized.
1990 - Congress paid each internee $20,000.
The American Dilemma:
blacks
•
Blacks and the War
–
–
•
Segregated Units
Tuskegee Airmen
Blacks and Military Service
• The army air force created the 99th Pursuit
Squadron, an African American unit; pilots
were known as the Tuskegee Airmen.
• Segregation in the military did not end until
1948.
The American Dilemma:
Civil Rights
•
•
Birth of the Civil Rights Movement
The Double-V
• African Americans resumed the Great
Migration, (started during WWI) as they left
the South and headed to cities in the North
and West for factory jobs.
• Sometimes led to racial violence.
Detroit riots
1943
• A.Phillip Randolph
organizes march of African
American RR workers.
African Americans still had
some problems getting hired.
• In 1941, FDR E.O. 8802
ordered no discrimination
in the employment of
workers in defense
industries or government.
• For most of the war,
the U.S. military was
completely
segregated.
• The “Double V”
campaign was an effort
to have victory over
racism at home and
abroad.
The End of the War
 Focus Question:
How did the end of the war begin to
shape the postwar world?
The End of the War:
1944–1945
•
“The Most Terrible Weapon”
Japan is Defeated
• Although Germany
surrendered a few weeks
later, Truman needed to make
many difficult decisions
regarding the war as the
battle with Japan intensified.
Harry S Truman
• On November 24, 1944,
American bombs fell on
Tokyo, but missed their
targets.
When he learned of
FDR’s death,
Truman said he felt
as if “the sun and
stars had fallen on
me.”
• American military planners decided to invade the
island of Iwo Jima; it was closer to Japan and
would make the bombings more effective.
• On February 19,
1945, 60,000 American
Marines landed on Iwo
Jima, and 6,800 were
killed before the
island was
captured.
On Iwo Jima
The U.S.
flag-raising
on Mount
Suribachi
Marine Corp
Memorial in
Washington
DC
• Japan’s six most
important
industrial cities
were firebombed.
• Japan refused to
surrender.
• American military
planners chose to
invade Okinawa,
350 miles from
Japan, to
stockpile supplies
and build up
troops.
• On April 1, 1945,
American troops
landed on Okinawa.
• On June 22, 1945,
Okinawa was
captured with more
12,000 Americans
losing their lives.
than
• Japan would not surrender unconditionally
because they wanted their emperor to remain
in power.
The End of the War:
Atomic Bomb
•
•
The Dawn of the Atomic Age
The Nature of the War
The American
program
to build an atomic
bomb was codenamed
the Manhattan
Project.
• On July 16,
1945, the
first atomic
bomb was
detonated near
Alamogordo,
New Mexico.
“Trinity Test”
The Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
“Fat Man”
(plutonium)
Used at
Nagasaki
“Little Boy”
(uranium)
Used at
Hiroshima
• Truman felt it was his duty to use every
weapon available to save American lives.
• Allies threatened Japan with “utter destruction,”
but received no response.
• August 6, 1945, an
atomic bomb was
dropped on
Hiroshima,
an important
Japanese industrial
center.
• Tens of thousands of
people died instantly;
thousands more died
later from burns and
sickness.
radiation
Enola Gay
The Enola Gay –
carrying the most
horrific weapon the
world had ever seen.
Hiroshima
The atomic bomb
at Hiroshima
Hiroshima
The aftermath at Hiroshima -- once a great Japanese
industrial center.
• On August 9, the
Soviet Union
declared war on
Japan.
• That same day,
the United States
dropped an
atomic bomb on
Nagasaki, killing
between 35,000
and 74,000
people.
V-J Day
Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 …..
V-J Day!!!
Thousands flood
into Times Square in
New York City to
celebrate the Allies’
victory over Japan
August 1945
Japanese surrender
Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of Allied
Forces in the Pacific Theater, signs Japan’s surrender.
PUTTING the ENEMY on TRIAL
• In August 1945, the International Military Tribunal
(IMT) was created by the United States, Britain,
France, and the Soviet Union to punish German and
Japanese leaders for their war crimes.
• The IMT tried
German leaders
suspected of
committing war
crimes at the
Nuremburg
trials.
• In Tokyo the IMT for
the Far East tried
leaders of wartime
Japan suspected of
committing war
crimes.
• The Japanese
emperor was not
indicted (Japan
would not have
surrendered
without that
agreement!).
Tojo testifies at his
war-crimes trial.
Deaths
Deaths
The End of the War:
postwar planning
•
•
Planning the Postwar World
Yalta and Bretton Woods
The Yalta Conference
• A meeting of FDR,
Churchill, and Stalin
at Yalta had been
held in early 1945 to
plan the postwar
world.
• Some agreements
made there would
later become key in
causing the Cold War.
Bretton Woods System
• World Bank: Help rebuild Europe after the
war, and help nations in Asia, Africa and Latin
America develop their economies.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF). Help
countries with trade deficits. Prevent trade
wars and to prevent each country’s money
from changing too much in value.
The End of the War:
Aftermath of war
•
•
The United Nations
Peace, But not Harmony
Building a New World
• The United States and the Soviet Union
became increasingly hostile, leading to an
era of confrontation and competition that
lasted from about 1946 to 1990 known as the
Cold War.
Creating the United Nations
• To prevent another war, President Roosevelt
wanted a new international organization. In
1944 delegates from 39 countries met to
discuss the new organization that was to be
called the United Nations (UN).
• On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50
countries met in San Francisco to officially
organize the United Nations and create its
charter, or constitution.
• The delegates decided to have a General
Assembly, where each member nation would
have one vote.
• Britain, France, China,
the Soviet Union, and
the United States would be
permanent members of the
Security Council, each
having veto power.
UN
Headquarters
New York City
UN Flag