Transcript The World in Crisis

A World in Flames (1931-1941)
Chapter 13.1 America and the World (Appleby 454-459)
Agenda for Today
• WWII 13.1 Slide Show
• Homework
• Write a Diary entry
Warsaw, Poland 1939
Warsaw, Poland 1944
How could this happen?
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
• Identify Adolph Hitler and list
characteristics of his background
• List reasons for German resentment of
the Treaty of Versailles
• Give examples of who supported the
Nazis and why
How did the Treaty of Versailles (ended
WWI) punish Germany?
• Germany had
to:
• Pay
reparations
• Lost territory
• Had to
disarm
• Forced to
sign War
Guilt Clause
• IE. They were
humiliated
• Greatest
cause of
WWII
Who was Adolph Hitler?
• Born in Austria (1889)
• Fuhrer (leader) of Germany from
1933-1945
• Struggling artist in Munich &
Vienna (early 1900s)
• Fought for Germany in WWI
• Developed hatred for
“November Criminals” and the
“Stab in the back”
• Joined small National Socialist
German Workers party (Nazis) in
1921
– Anti-Semitic
– Anti-Communist
– Anti-Versailles
– Pro Germany
• Imprisoned for coup on Weimar
government in 1923
• Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
The Great Depression &Hitler’s Rise
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Today’s Objectives
• How did the Great Depression affect
Germany?
• How did it help the Nazis rise to power?
• How did Hitler gain dictatorial power?
• What did the Nazis believe in?
• How did the Schmeling Lewis fight reflect
the battle between Nazism and
democracy?
How did Hitler gain power? Who supported him?
• Germany was devastated by
the Great Depression
– 36 % unemployment in
1933
– Banking system collapsed
– Hyperinflation destroyed
savings of middle class
• Weimar Republic was hated
• Nazi party appealed to broad
coalition of people
– Soldiers, workers, factory
owners, nationalists
• Held rallies, marched in
parades, gave speeches
• Utilized mass media (radio
and film) to solidify power &
brainwash German people
German
mother
using
Deutsch
marks for
firewood
Brownshirt
Parade
Hitler’s methods of propaganda
Describe the steps Hitler took to become the
totalitarian dictator of Germany by August ‘34.
• Nazis won most seats in
Reichstag in election of 1932
• Hitler appointed Chancellor 1933
• Fire at Reichstag blamed on
political opponents
• Got Hindenburg (the president)
to suspend civil rights
(temporarily)
– Free of speech, press illegal
• Hindenburg died in March ‘33
• Got Reichstag (Congress) to give
him power to make his own laws
• Got military to swear allegiance
to him
• Aug. ’34 abolished presidency
and declared himself Fuehrer
(supreme leader)
"I swear by God this
sacred oath that I will
obey without
question the Führer
of the German Reich
and people, to Adolf
Hitler, Supreme
Commander of the
Armed Forces, and
that I am prepared as
a brave soldier to lay
my life on the line at
any time for this
oath."
Describe the NAZIS program.
• Extreme nationalism
• Rearmament
– Ignore Treaty of Versailles and
rebuild military
• Master Race (Ubermensch- supermen)
– Blond-haired, blue-eyed Aryans
were chosen people
– God-given right and duty to spread
Aryan people and culture
• Based on Nietzsche's philosophy
– Untermensch (subhumans)
• Jews, Gypsies, handicapped, &
undesirables eliminated
• Fatherland
– Germans under foreign rule must be
reunited with Germany
• Lebensraum (living space) Germans
need land to thrive
“You Are Sharing the Load! A
Hereditarily Ill Person Costs
50,000 Reichsmarks on Average
up to the Age of Sixty,”
reproduced in a high school
biology textbook by Jakob Graf.
The image illustrates Nazi
propaganda on the need to
prevent births of the “unfit.”
Jesse Owens &
the 1936 Berlin
Olympics
Presentation
German Rearmament
Germany’s Economic Recovery
Review
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Greatest cause of WWII
Hitler’s country of birth
Disparaging name for Weimar Republic
How was Germany affected by the Great
Depression?
What the NAZIS believe in
What is rearmament?
Define Lebensraum
Describe Nietzsche's philosophy
What is Ubermensch, Untermensch?
Let’s Put 1930s Germany into
Psychological Context
Today’s Agenda
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Finish 13.1
Discuss any Presentation or Paper issues
Begin 13.2
Homework
Finish Newspaper headline,
subheading
• Write a paragraph explaining details of
photograph
Today’s Objectives
Mr. Morris, I won’t be able to sleep tonight unless
I can:
• Describe how Mussolini created a
totalitarian dictatorship in Italy
• Explain how the Spanish Civil War was
dress rehearsal for WWII
• Define Aunchluss and explain how Hitler
took control of Austria
• Define “appeasement” and this policy led
to WWII
How did Hitler justify the murder of his political
enemies?
• Manufactured a “National
Emergency”
– Set a fire at Reichstag &
blamed his political enemies
• Reeducated some
– Sent them to Dachau
concentration camp
– Used concentration camps
to “reeducate” enemies
• Murdered others
– Used the S.A. (Storm
Troopers)
• Hitler said that he presided
over the Third Reich of
Germany
– Reich (Reign)
• Start of Nazi totalitarianism
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Describe how Mussolini & the fascist created a totalitarian
dictatorship in Italy?
Wounded Italian vet of WWI
Created Fascist Party
– Reactionary party that preached the nation
and race above individual
Black Shirts
– Mussolini’s “thugs” who intimidated, murdered
political enemies (Castor Oil)
March on Rome
– Black Shirts intimidated King to appoint
Mussolini prime minister of Italy
‘IL Duce’ (the leader)
– Promised order, efficient government that
would restore Italy’s power
Totalitarian Dictatorship
– Fascist gained near-complete control over all
facets of Italian life
• Press, education, art, economy
Role model for Hitler
Mussolini and Fascism
What was the Spanish Civil War?
• Anti-Communist Fascist general
Francisco Franco attacked
democratic (socialist)
government
• Civil War broke out
• Mussolini and Hitler helped
Franco with weapons
– Bombed nonmilitary town of
Guernica in April 1937
– Image of horror captured by
Picasso
• Abraham Lincoln Brigade
– 3, 000 Americans
volunteered to fight for
democratic gov.
– Why?
– “And after France?”
• “Dress rehearsal for WWII”
Guernica, Picasso
Hitler’s Road to War
-WW I
Ends
-Treaty of
Versailles
1918
1921
Hitler leads
unsucessful
Coup
German
economy in
hyperinflation
-Mein Kampf
1923
1928
General Franco
seizes power
from Socialists
in Spain
-Hitler later
sends military
aid
Hitler takes
Austria and
Sudentenland
Munich Pact
brings “Peace
for our time.”
NOT
1931 1933
-NAZI party
gains seats in
Reichstag
-Wall Street
Crashes (1929)
Hitler appointed
Chancellor
-Becomes
Fuehrer when
Hindenburg dies
1938
1939
1941
-Germany signs
Non Aggression
Pact with USSR
-Hitler invades
Poland
What aggressive moves did Hitler make in
1938? How did he justify this?
• Claimed that Austrian
gov. was persecuting
Nazi supporters there &
that chaos had broken
out
• German Nazi’s forged a
letter requesting
Germans invade in order
to restore order
• Anschluss (Linkage)
– Hitler invaded Austria
March 1938
– Took over Austria
without firing a shot
Joe Louis v
Max
Schmelling
Presentation
Stare into the face of pure evil.
What is appeasement and what would
Winston Churchill think of it?
• In Aug. 1938 Hitler claimed Germans
living in Sudetenland region of
Czechoslovakia were oppressed
• Threatened invasion
• Czech. Had alliance with Britain/France
• Appeasement (to pacify)
– England & France gave in to Hitler’s
demands in return for peace
• Munich Pact (9/1938)
– Treaty b/t British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain & Hitler
– Germany got Sudetenland &
promised no further territorial
demands
• Chamberlain claimed “Peace for our
time”
• 5.5 months later Hitler took all of
Czechoslovakia
“Britain and
France had to
choose between
war and dishonor.
They chose
dishonor. They will
have war.”
Winston Churchill
Write a headline and
subheading for this
photograph.
•
Neville Chamberlain,
September 1938
Today’s Agenda
• Collect Headline and paragraph
• Finish 13.1
Mr. Morris, I won’t be a cool
person unless I am able to:
• Define the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact and
state why it was important to Germany
• State why Japan wanted to expand its
borders into the Asian mainland
• Describe why America was against
Japan’s invasion of China
• State what the Neutrality Acts were and
what FDR did to undermine them
• Describe the events of September 1,
1939?
What was the Nonaggression Pact?
• AKA : Molotov-Ribbentrop
Pact
• Treaty between Germany and
USSR in which each country
pledged not to attack the
other (Aug. 23, 1939)
• Would free up Hitler’s troops
from fighting a two-front war
• Treaty secretly divided up
Poland between Germany and
USSR
• Shocked the World
– Fascism’s antithesis is
communism
Why did Japan want to expand its borders
into the Asian mainland?
• Wanted to make Japan selfsufficient
– Lacked land, raw materials
• Wanted living space
• Samurai Tradition
– Military most honored
members of Japanese
society
– viewed conquest as heroic
deed
• Manchuria (China)
– poorly defended and rich in
natural resources
• Japan created excuse for war
– Invaded & renamed it
“Manchukuo” in Sept. 1932
Why was America against Japan’s invasion of China?
• Sympathized with Chinese
peasant
– hardships popularized in
novel, The Good Earth
• Japan an economic threat
– Close Chinese market to
American business
– Loss of $100 million in cotton
sales
• Rape of Nanking (Dec-Jan.
1937-38)
– Mass murder & rape of
Chinese civilians in Nanking
– 100 of thousands executed
– 20 to 80 thousand women
“systematically” raped
– outraged American public
The Rape of Nanking
What were the Neutrality Acts and what did FDR
think of them?
• Laws that prohibited the
sale of American weapons
to warring nations
• Tried to prevent Americans
from traveling to those
countries
• FDR didn’t like them but
American public was
isolationist
• Military not ready for a fight
yet
– Ranked 18th in the world
(behind Belgium)
What happened on September 1, 1939?
• Hitler invaded Poland 9/1/39
– Hitler demanded the
Polish Corridor (large
German population) Aug.
’39
– Poland refused
• Blitzkrieg
– “Lightning War”
– New offensive technique
of attack overwhelmed
Poland
• Soviet Union invaded Poland
from the East on Sept. 17
• Poland collapsed in 1 month
• British and French declared
war on Germany Sept. 3rd
• World War II had begun
WWII Begins