Transcript The Nazis Rise to Power in Germany

Germany
Nazi Rise
p. 448
Germany
• EC: In between the end of WWI and Nazi
Germany, there was a democratic
government called…..
The Weimar Republic, 1918 to 1932:
• The government that took control of
Germany at the end of World War I.
• Generals and liberals who wanted to end
the war.
• Forced Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate;
– he would spend the rest of his life in
Holland.
• EC: They signed the ____ in 1919, (2)
• Treaty of Versailles
– agreeing to its harsh treatment of
Germany.
Weimar Government
• Began a democratic, ______-style government.
• parliamentary
– Allowed communists, socialists, liberals,
conservatives, and nationalists to hold office…..
• EC: Two other major changes:
• Women given suffrage.
• New Constitution included a bill of rights for all
Germans.
– Composed in the city of Weimar
Chancellor:
• A prime minister, selected by the party
controlling a parliamentary style government.
Angry ultranationalists:
• In 1919, angry veterans and other Germans
would be the core members.
• EC: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei
• National Socialist German Workers’ Party:
• EC: Aka:
• The Nazis.
• Their political growth was slow, in the 1920s.
Adolf Hitler (background)
• Became the leader of the Nazi Party.
– He was an Austrian who served in the German Army
in World War I.
– Like Mussolini, he survived a gas attack on his
artillery group, and spent the rest of the war
recovering.
• He practiced gestures and speech techniques
like Mussolini used
Adolf Hitler
• EC: In 1918, he, like many German soldiers,
was shocked and angered that a new German
government….(2)
– had quit the war
– had signed the humiliating Treaty of Versailles.
Initial failure; time to write
• EC: Inspired by Mussolini’s takeover of Italy, Hitler tried
to take over the southern German state of _____ in 1923.
• Bavaria
• He and other Nazis were arrested and imprisoned.
– EC: He had time and he wrote ______.
– Mein Kampf (My Battle)
• EC: He wrote of three things dangerous to Germany
and Europe: (3)
– The Versailles Treaty
– Communism
– The International Jewish Conspiracy
Mein Kampf, a plan,
not just a hate list.
• Hitler blamed Marxists, Jews, businessmen, and corrupt
politicians for Germany’s defeat.
• EC: The book also talks of solutions that he and the
Nazis will make happen: (6)
– Germany must unite under one wise, decisive party
– Germans must realize they are the superior race and will rule
Europe
• “Aryan” (White) Race, “Master Race”,
– Germany must rearm.
– Germans must clean “filthy ideas and races” out of Europe.
– Germany must expand and colonize other parts of Europe:
• “Lebensraum” (Living Space for Germans)
– Racially inferior peoples of Europe will be dealt with….
• lose their lands
• work for German colonists.
How the Nazis worked in the 1920s:
• EC: Actions of the Stormtroopers (SA), “Brown
Shirts”: (5)
• handed out pamphlets,
• organized local rallies
• protected Hitler
– used a simple word, “Fuhrer” (leader)
• recruited new members,
• intimidated and attacked Marxists and Jews
– defaced and destroyed property;
– Beat up and sometimes killed.
EC: From the beginning, Nazi promises
to get votes were simple: (4)
• He would stop paying reparations to
France and Britain.
• He would create jobs and restore the
economy
• He would rearm Germany
• He would get back lost German territories
Hard times, 1920s
• The _____ was German territory
confiscated by France when Germany
could not meet its reparations payments
for WWI (according to the Treaty of
Versailles).
• Ruhr Valley
Many joined and many more voted for
the Nazis. Who?: (4)
•
•
•
•
Unemployed workers
Businessmen (large and small)
Rural and urban people
Men and women who loved Germany
Oligarchs use the Nazis?
• The most powerful Germans despised Hitler,
– but thought they could use the Nazis to get rid of
_____
– the Communists.
• By 1931, the Nazis held many seats in the
government.
– The Weimar elites made him Chancellor (legally)
– President von Hindenburg despised Hitler and stood
in his way to complete power.
That plan worked, but the elites could
not control the Nazis
• 1933: Hitler took more control of the
government after the death of President von
Hindenburg.
– He became President as well.
• Soon, like Napoleon, he declared a national
emergency (martial law) to fight “dangers” inside
the nation.
• EC: He held a _____ in 1934, asking what?: (3)
– referendum
• Do you, the German people, accept Adolf Hitler as supreme
ruler (and the suspension of democracy):
– Yes (Ja) or No (Nay).
• “Ninety percent of voters said Yes.”
Gestapo:
• When in power, Hitler organized a secret
police force:
– Hunted down and arrested people
“dangerous” to Germany.
• During WW II, they would often kill
their suspects.
Third Reich:
• Hitler’s Third German Empire.
• EC: Like the first two Reichs, Hitler would make
Germany master of itself and its neighbors: (2)
– Hitler’s Reich would last 1000 years.
– The “Master Race”.
– EC: The first two reichs were…..
• First Reich: The Germanic “Holy Roman Empire”
• Second Reich: Germany in 1870, under Otto von Bismarck
and Kaiser Wilhelm I
EC: Hitler increased job programs:
• Reduced unemployment
• Modernized and expanded
The Volkswagen;
Germany
In war: the Kubelwagen
– Autobahn (national freeway system)
• Increased the military
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
• EC: Hitler began his anti-Jewish
program…. (2)
• SA harassed Jews on the streets (3)
– Heckling
– Beating
– Vandalism
• Book Burnings (3)
– Not only works by Jews, but by liberals, communists
– Books about peace
• All Quiet on the Western Front
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
– Nuremberg Laws:
• 1935, Hitler removed civil rights and
citizenship from all German Jews. (6)
• Marriages made illegal
• Mixed-marriage/dating illegal
• No education or teaching in German
schools
• No government jobs
• No practicing law or medicine
• No publishing literature or art
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
• 1938, ____ (Night of Broken Glass)
– “Kristallnacht”
– Using a small event in Paris, Hitler
incited ordinary Germans to (5)
•
•
•
•
attack Jews anywhere in Germany,
destroy their property,
drive them out (kill them if necessary).
The government also arrested thousands.
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
• Jews, who could, emigrated out of
Germany…..
• many countries, even the United
States, accepted only a few of
them, but mostly blocked them
from entering.
Winning the “Hearts and Minds”
of young Germans (5)
• Youth programs
• Hitler Jugen (Hitler Youth) and Deutsche
Mädshchen (German Maidens)
• Speeches, magazines, radio shows,
film
• School books and lessons
• Rallies and field trips
• Physical fitness
EC: Hitler wanted only the part of
religion that justified his actions (3)
• He was fighting for God against evil.
• All Protestant churches were combined
into a state run church. EC: Why?
– He regarded the peaceful teachings of
Christianity and other religions as spreading
weakness.
• The Catholic Church was censored. How?
(3)
– Their schools were closed
– Few resisted or spoke out against the Nazis.
– Pope Pius XI did nothing to stop it.
Image, 449
• Why would inflation hit middle class
people with modest savings hard?
• They would go through their cash and
savings very fast.
Standards Check, 449
• What political and economic problems did
the Weimar Republic face?
• Extreme, competing political parties
• Conflict with France over the Versailles
Treaty
• Runaway inflation in the 1920s
• Economic depression in the 1920s and
1930s
Biography, 450
• Why do you think historians study Hitler’s
upbringing? (Think about what we learned
about Freud’s psychoanalysis).
• To understand how events from your
upbringing (childhood, adolescence)
affected his later behavior and beliefs.
Standards Check, 450
•
•
•
•
Hitler planned:
Defy the Versailles Treaty
Create jobs
Restore German greatness
The Great Depression
• The Nazis were losing popularity until it
started
• Hard times made Germans look for
someone to blame
– The Nazi message pointed out who in
Germany and the World were dangerous
• Jews controlling New York, London, Paris
• Communist agents ruining economies and
societies
• Bungling, arguing democratic leaders
• Degenerate artists and media
Purges; a Reformed Nazi Party
• EC: Hitler purged Brown-Shirt Nazis that
“worried” him. The event is called __
– “The Night of the Long Knives”
• EC: Organized a new, brutal body guard
for himself:
– Schutzstaffel (SS)
--Hitler on propaganda:
• "All propaganda must be so popular and
on such an intellectual level, that even the
most stupid of those toward whom it is
directed will understand it...
• EC: What did Hitler mean?
• A lie must be so simple that it reaches the
largest number of people
--Hitler on propaganda:
• “Through clever and constant application
of propaganda, people can be made to
see paradise as hell, and also the other
way around, to consider the most
wretched sort of life as paradise.“
• EC: What did Hitler mean?
• By repeating a clever lie most people will
believe it readily any way one wants them
too.
Standards Check, p 452
• How did the Nazi party maintain its control
of Germany?
• The Nazi Party maintained power by
• Keeping many of Hitler’s promises
• Brutally cracking down on dissent
(complainers)
list, 453
• Describe how losing some of its leading
thinkers might have hurt Nazi Germany?
• Germany would suffer from the loss of
their talent and ability, especially…..
– Albert Einstein = atomic bomb
Propaganda
“Cult of Personality”
• As we have seen with Mussolini and Stalin, the
same government techniques and rules guided
what Germany saw and thought.
• Sample speeches/scenes: Triumph des Willens
– Director: Leni Riefenstahl.
• Inserted:
– enhanced crowd cheers and music
– Staged and real close-ups of faces
• She had almost a dozen camera teams to capture many
angles and scenes.
– Sea of Flags
– Hitler Youth:
– Closing ceremony
The Great Dictator
• Charlie Chaplin Takes on Hitler in the US.
• Clip
• Charlie Chaplin Makes fun of Hitler
– Adenoid Hynkel, dictator of the country of
Tomania (4:30 (go directly to file) fantasizing
about ruling the world.
Standards Check, 453
• Why did authoritarian states rise in
Eastern Europe after World War I?
• Many European nations became
authoritarian because ….
• Economic problems
• Ethnic tension
• Inexperience in democracy
Quick Write
• How was Hitler able to come to power in
Germany during the 1930s?