Transcript Cellular Organelles

Cellular Organelles
Structures and Functions
Cellular Background
• A prokaryote is an organism that lacks a
true nucleus.
• Most prokaryotes are unicellular.
• Prokaryotes are much more simple than
eukaryotes. They do not have as many
organelles.
Cellular Background
• Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are
eukaryotes.
• A eukaryote is an organism that has a true
nucleus.
• Protists belong to their own kingdom.
Some examples are slime molds or fungus
like (sporangia), and algae (euglena).
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
• For this project, you will be making plant
cells.
• Plant cells have three major differences in
structure than animals:
– An enlarged vacuole
– A cell wall made of cellulose and protein.
– A chloroplast for photosynthesis.
Mr. B. go to the virtual web site.
Cellular Organelles and their
Functions….
What do you need to know?
You will need to know the following structures and their functions:
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Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
ER Endoplasmic
Reticulum
– Ribosomes
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Vacuole
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
IN Groups of 6….
• You will each pick one of the following groups:
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Cell wall and Cell membrane
Nucleus and Nucleolus
ER and Ribosomes
Vacuole and Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes and Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
• Next, find the people from the other groups who
have the same topic as you, form smaller groups
and become experts on your topic.
• Become an expert on your organelle(s) so that you
can teach your big (learner) group in about 10-15
minutes.
• You MUST think of some TRICKs to help the
members of the larger group remember your topic.
15 minutes
Teach your topic….
• Return to your original group and teach
them what you know.
• Make sure that the rest of the group
understands your trick to help them
remember what you taught.
Nucleus
Golgi
bodie
s
Lysosome
vacuole
Mitochondria
Cell
Wall
ER
membrane
Chloro
-plast
What are cells anyway?
• Living things are made mostly
of cells, all life processes
occur within cells. ***
•
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.organelles/
•
http://encarta.msn.com/media_461516491_761568585_-1_1/Cells.html
Q: Where IN cells do these life processes
occur?
A: In the organelles
Cell Wall
Thick
cellulose
layer
outside
the cell
membrane
Provides structure and support for
the cell!
Cell Membrane
Thin layer
inside the cell
wall made of
two layers of
phospholipid
and protein.
Keeps the good stuff in and the
bad stuff out!
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Membrane
covered
structure
used to store
materials like
water.
Storage place for the cell!
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Membrane
covered
structure
filled with a
liquid stroma
and stacks of
chlorophyll
filled granna.
Convert Carbon Dioxide and water
into glucose using the sun’s
energy and giving off oxygen!
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis is another complex
process. The first thing that happens is that
sunlight strikes the chlorophyll in the grana of the
chloroplast. The sun’s energy is captured by the
chlorophyll and is used to separate water (H2O)
into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is released
and hydrogen is passed to the stroma. The
hydrogen is bonded to CO2 from the air.
Through a complex process called the Calvin
cycle, glucose (C6H12O6) is made. The Glucose
is then transported to other parts of the cell, like
the mitochondria, by the endoplasmic reticulum.
Leucoplast
Membrane
covered
structure
filled grains of
starch. The
black
structures are
the starch
grains
Special vacuole used for the
storage of starch!
Potato Cells
Starch
Grain
These cells have the starch grains stained purple.
Leucoplast
Mitochondria
Membrane
covered
structure
divided up by
cristae with
many spaces
for chemical
reactions.
Convert glucose into ATP (energy
molecule) using oxygen and giving
off carbon dioxide!
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration makes energy for the
cell. Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of
the cell. The small pieces of glucose are entered
into the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. The
Krebs cycle separates out the hydrogen, which
goes to the electron transport chain. Waste
carbon dioxide is also separated out in the
Krebs cycle. The CO2 is then released from the
mitochondria. Electrons from the hydrogen are
stripped of their energy in the electron transport
chain. ADP is converted to ATP using this
energy. Oxygen is added to the Hydrogen to
make water completing the process. ATP energy
is used for many processes in the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Broad sheets
of folded
membrane.
Rough E.R.
has
ribosomes
and (is
continuous
with the
nuclear
envelope.)
The smooth
E.R. stores
and pumps
calcium.
Site of most chemosynthesis
(making of chemicals) and
possible transportation!
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Two subunits
that clamp
onto mRNA
and use the
code to build
protein used
as building
material for
the cell or as
enzymes
which control
chemical
reactions.
Site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Protein Story
• Mr. Hutten decides that the whole school has been
working hard and needs a steak dinner on Thursday.
(Mr. Hutten=Nucleus- DNA)
• Mr. Hutten writes an email to the kitchen
(Email=mRNA)
• Mr. Wathen gets the fixings for the dinner and has it
delivered to the kitchen. (Delivery Truck=tRNA)
• The kitchen crew puts the fixings together to make the
steak dinner. (Kitchen crew=ribosomes and
fixings=amino acids)
• We eat the dinner. (Dinner=protein used by the cells
for structure and enzymes)
Nucleus
The nucleus is
covered with a
membrane. The
membrane is
filled with pores.
The inside is
filled with DNA
and a dark body
called the
nucleolus.
Controls the activities of the cell.
Nucleus
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is
a dark body in
the nucleus. It
produces
ribosomes.
Produces the RNA of the
ribosomes.
Nucleolus
Lysosome
Lysosomes are
special vacuoles
filled with
digestive
enzymes that can
digest food, kill
enemies or
recycle cell parts.
Store and pour out enzymes which
are used to break down food, recycle
cell parts or destroy enemies..
Lysosome
Golgi Body
The golgi body is
like a stack of
pancakes and it
produces
lysosomes.
Packaging plant for the cell.
Golgi Body
Plant vs. Animal Cell Side by
side!
Plant cell has a cell
wall, chloroplasts and
leucoplasts.
An animal cell has
centrioles used in cell
reproduction.
Don’t Worry Be Cellular
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Here’s a little song I wrote
You can sing it note by note
Don’t worry be happy!
Doot dood do do do da do
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I have a mit-o-chon-dria,
Power house of cells I tell ya.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Changing glucose to ATP,
Using oxygen for energy.
Don’t worry, just study!
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I have a little chloroplast,
Making sugar, it’s a blast.
Don’t worry, be happy!
CO2 and H2O
A little sunlight makes it go.
Don’t worry, be just study!
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I have a little ribosome,
Protein making, it’s at home.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Messages from the DNA,
Luckily, it’s not far away.
Don’t worry, just study!
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I have a little nucleolus,
Making RNA for all of us.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Ribosomes need the RNA,
Without it they say Hey?!
Don’t worry, just study!
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I have a little lysosome,
Digesting like a metronome.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Strong enzymes are inside,
You can run, but you can’t hide.
Don’t worry, just study!
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I have a little leucoplast,
Having one will help you last.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Storing starch is simple, yes,
But without one, you could guess.
Don’t worry, just study!
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I have a lot of Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Chemosynthesis makes cells hum.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Folded membrane, smooth or rough.
I think that that’s enough!
Don’t worry, just study!
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I have a little Golgi body,
Storing and pouring is my hobby.
Don’t worry, be happy!
Packaging enzymes and other things,
This crazy teacher makes us sings!
Don’t worry, Just study!
Doot dood do do do da do
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5. Dots
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11. Contains Enzymes
Essay questions
•
Explain how the chloroplasts produce
glucose. (15 pts)
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Explain how the mitochondria
produce energy. (15 pts)
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Explain how the ribosomes make the
correct protein. (15 pts)
Contain enzymes
Dots
Enlarged view
Hint: This is the cell membrane.