Transcript Classification of Organisms Chapter 17

Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s
Diversity
I. Classification
II. Scientific Names
III. What is a Species
IV. The Six Kingdoms
The Giant Anteater,
Myrmecophaga tridactyla,
eats over 10,000,000 ants or
termites a year.
How Classification Began
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
First widely used
2 groups
• Plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial
Nomenclature:
.
scientific name. (of an individual species)
• (bi=2; nomen=name)
• Genus, species
Developed in 1770
Presently used
Based on physical and structural similarities
Incorporates evolutionary relationships
2-word naming system
Identifies a species
I. Scientific Name:
Latin
International language—even
though there may be several
“common names”
Each is unique
Often Descriptive
Can you tell where you will find this sea
lion?
Part of its scientific name refers to the coast
it lives along - Zalophus californianus.
Rank
Fruit fly
Human
Pea
Domain
Eukaryota
Eukaryota
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Plantae
Phylum or Division
Arthropoda
Chordata
Magnoliophyta
Subphylum or subdivision
Hexapoda
Vertebrata
Magnoliophytina
Class
Insecta
Mammalia
Magnoliopsida
Subclass
Pterygota
Eutheria
Magnoliidae
Order
Diptera
Primates
Fabales
Suborder
Brachycera
Haplorrhini
Fabineae
Family
Drosophilidae
Hominidae
Fabaceae
Subfamily
Drosophilinae
Homininae
Faboideae
Genus
Drosophila
Homo
Pisum
Species
D. melanogaster
H. sapiens
P. sativum
Examples
The usual classifications of five species follow:
the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories
(Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo
sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his
discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly
agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the
bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks
are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are
given as well.
Writing Scientific Names:
First mention in a paper:
Genus species
or
Genus species
After this, may abbreviate one of
these 2 ways:
G. species
or
G. species
Prehistoric mammal, Irish Elk
Megaloceros giganteus
largest antlers ever.
A specimen found in an Irish
peat bog had antlers 4.3 m or 14
ft across& 100+ lbs.
Taxonomy
• The science & process of classifying living things.
• Categorized into groups; subdivide these into smaller
subgroups, etc.
• Each group ( and subgroup) : Taxon
• Grouped from very broad to very specific
• Smallet taxon is “species”
• Based upon: physical, biochemical, genetic,
behavorial characteristics
 Categories demonstrate relationships.
 7 different levels
.
The Classif. Process
The 3
Domains
The 6 Kingdoms: A Hierarchical System
Kingdom
P hlyum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Classification & Evolution
The more categories shared-the more closely related.
These similarities are due to
descent from recent common
ancestor
III. What is a Species?
Basic Unit of Evolution
Species change and give
rise to new species
Species
Interbreed to produce fertile
offspring.
At least one unique inherited
characteristic
Hybrids-cross of 2 close species
Usually sterile
(horse + zebra = zebroid)
Phylogenic Classification
Phylogeny: evolutionary history
Cladistics: one type
Assume a group of organisms diverge & evolve from a
common ancestral group.
They retain a unique characteristic (derived
characteristics)
Cladogram: A branching diagram illustrates (model).
2 organisms near one another share a _____recent
common ancestor
Show probable evolution from a group
IV. The Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
1. Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Extremophyles
Ancestors of all eukaryotes
2. Eubacteria
Prokaryotes
Most common bacteria
Ancestors of chloroplasts
and mitochondria
3. Protista
Much diversity
Most single celled; some
multicelled; mainly aquatic
Some animal-like
Some Plant-like
Some Bacteria- like
4. Fungi
Earth’s decomposers
Mushrooms, yeast, molds
Heterotrophs
Extracellular
Digestion
5. Plantae
Multicellular
Photosynthesis/Autotrophs
Cell walls of cellulose
Descended from green
algae
6.Animalia
Multicellular
Movement
Heterotrophs
No cell walls
Largest # of phyla found in seas
Weekend Assignment: Due Tuesday
Research the meaning of and evidence which
supports Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiont Theory.
How did chloroplasts and mitochondria
originate?
Include illustrations or pictures.
2 paragraphs minimum
Other writing format option—may write a short
story or poem with all of the pertinent information
incorporated within.