Transcript 1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step

1st Semester Midterm
18.What are the 4 main macromolecules and
give their main function? (pages 45-47)
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates- energy
Proteins- Forms bones & muscle
Lipids- stores fat
Nucleic acid- DNA
19.Draw the 4 different macromolecule
structures. (pages 45-47)
• (lipid-row of carbons with H above and
below)
•Carbohydrate C+H+O
19. Cont.
• Proteins C+H+O+N
•Nucleic acid (phosphate)
20. What are the SPONCH elements? (notes)
• Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Carbon & Hydrogen
21. What are the pH levels and what they
mean? (p.43)
• 0-3
• Very
• acidic
4-6
slightly
acidic
7
neutral
8-10
slightly
basic
11-13
very
basic
22. Define the terms: (page 45)
• Monomer- smallest unit-that combines to make
polymers
Polymer- large compound made up of
monomers
Macromolecule- giant molecules made of many
polymers
23.What are the monomers/basic building
blocks for the following? (pages 45-47)
• Carbohydrate- Sugar molecules/glucose/
monosaccharides
Lipid- fatty acids & glycerol
Protein- ( enzymes) amino acids
Nucleic acid- nucleotides
24. Describe the enzyme process. (p. 52-53)
• An enzyme (which is a type of protein) binds to a
SPECIFIC substrate (like a puzzle piece or lock &
key. It only can catalyze 1 type of substrate)
• Substrate reaction produces a product
• When product produced the enzyme is released
to repeat.
• Enzyme does not change only the substrate.
25. Describe the main function of the enzyme
(it’s a type of protein). (page 51)
• is a catalysts that speeds up reactions
26. What affects the reaction of an enzyme?
(page 53)
• Temperature, pH & concentration can
affect the catalyzing of an enzyme
27.Make a Venn diagram of animal
and plant cells. (pages 174-181)
Plant cell
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• Brick like shape
1 large vacuole
•
•
•
Both
ER
Mitochondria
cell membrane
bound Nucleus
Cytoplasm
golgi
ribosomes
•Animal cell
centrioles
possibly lysosomes
Varies in shape
small vacuoles
28.Define semi-permeable.
• also called selectively permeable refers to
the cells and nuclear membranes ability to let
only selected substances come in and out in
an attempt to stay in homeostasis
29. Describe the function of the following
organelles: (pages 174-180)
Semi-permeable outer layer of cell
that regulates what enters and
leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm- •space within cell
• Nucleus •-Control center of the cell
• Cell membrane-
29 Cont.
•Ribosomes- makes proteins
• Rough ER- -transports proteins that ribosomes
make and materials throughout the cell
•Golgi Body- •modifies, packages and distributes
proteins
29. Cont.
•Smooth ER-- makes and modifies lipids
• Mitochondria- Makes energy (ATP) for the cell by
breaking down glucose
•Vacuole-
•stores water and material for the
cell
•1 large one in plant—smaller ones
in animals
29. Cont.
Chloroplasts-Absorbs and uses sunlight in plant cells
& photosynthesis occurs here
Cell Wall- Outside of a plant cell that gives support
& protection-gives box-like shape
30. Define and describe the passive transport
methods:(p183-186)
• Passive transport is the moving of molecules
WITHOUT energy
• from high to low concentration (crowded to not
crowded areas)
• The 3 types are below
30.Cont.
Diffusion•High to low concentration movement of small
particles through the membrane without energy
facilitated diffusion
High to low concentration movement of larger
particles through channel proteins in the membrane
without energy
30. cont.
• -osmosisdiffusion of water -water moves to areas of high
concentration of water molecules (low
concentration of solute) to low concentration of
water molecules(high concentration of solute)
30. cont
• -turgor •filling of the vacuole in a plant cell
high-full vacuole= •healthy plant
low-empty vacuole= •wilting and plasmolysis
31. What are the 2 layers of the cell membrane made of
and where are the polar heads facing and where do the
nonpolar tails facing? Who likes water and who
doesn’t?
• Phospholipid bilayer with the polar heads facing inside
and outside of the cell (loves water) and the nonpolar
tails on the inside of the membrane (hates water)
32. Define and describe the active transport
methods:
• *Active transport requires ENERGY and goes
from an area of low concentration to an area of
high concentration. Endocytosis and exocytosis
are forms of active transport
32. Cont.
• - Endocytosis- Taking of large particles or cells into
the cell requires energy
• -Exocytosis- •removing (exiting) of particles out
of the cell requires energy
33. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + (sunlight)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
• 6 carbon dioxides + 6 waters with sunlight are the
reactants producing 1 glucose and 6 oxygen
34. What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
• Chloroplast
35. Where does the light dependent process occur ?
• Thykaloid discs where the chlorophyll
absorbs light except for reflecting green
•What goes in? H2O
What comes out? O2
36. What goes in and comes out of the light
dependent/Calvin
cycle?
CO2 comes in and C6H12O6 comes out
37. Write the cell respiration equation.
• C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• 1glucose + 6 oxygen molecules= 6 Carbon
dioxide + 6 water molecules & ATP/energy
38. What are the 3 processes in aerobic cell
respiration and the amount of ATP produced.
• in order:
• Glycolysis- cytoplasm 2 ATP
• Kreb cycle- Mitochondria 2ATP
• ETC- Mitochondria 32ATP
• Total- 36ATP in aerobic cellular respiration
***Anaerobic (without oxygen)
Only nets 2 ATP