Transcript Cell PP

What are all living things made of?
All living things are made up of cells.
You have seen two cells, an amoeba and a
paramecium. What did you notice about
their sizes?
They are really small, microscopic.
What is needed in order to see cells?
The microscope needed to be invented
and improved in order to see cells clearly
If you couldn’t see something, how would
you know it exists?
The invention of the compound microscope
by Zacharias Janssen in the late 1500’s
allowed for the study of cells to occur
– Cytology is the study of cells
Cell Study and Discovery
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1678) - Used simple
scopes to see “animalcules”
– First to observe bacteria and protists
• Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed cork. First to
use the term “cells”
• Matthias Schleiden (1888) – All plants are made
up of cells
• Theodore Schwann (1889) – All animals are made
up of cells
• Rudolph Virchow (1889) – Cells come from preexisting cells.
**The Cell Theory**
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All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure
and function in all living things
Cells come from pre-existing cells
All living things are made up
of cells.
What in this room is like a cell?
What is a cell?
Cell
– Basic unit of
structure and
function in all
living things
Would a microscopic organism like a
bacteria need to be very complex?
Bacteria are simple, very small organism
that can control what comes in and out of
them, and can reproduce themselves
because they have DNA and structures
called ribosomes (for protein synthesis)
Types of cells
1. Prokaryotic cells
– Primitive cells – “before
the nucleus”
– *No nucleus*
DNA
Cell Wall
– No organelles
surrounded by a
membrane
– Found in bacteria
– Have only a cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasm,
DNA & ribosomes
DNA
What about our cells that are specific to their
function? Do they need to be more complex?
Yes or No? Why?
Since our cells have
specific functions,
there is a greater
level of complexity
2. Eukaryotic
*“True nucleus”*
– Have membrane –
bound organelles
– All other
kingdoms except
bacteria
• Contain Organelles
– Specialized structures
within the cytoplasm to
perform distinct
processes within the
cell
Comparing the Two
Cytoplasm
DNA
Cell Membrane
Structures common to both Prokaryotic &
Eukaryotic cells
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Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytoplasm
Cell Walls (not in Animal or some Protist
cells though!)
Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria
Cell Membrane
DNA
Eukaryotic Animal Cell
Cell
Membrane
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
– The jelly-like fluid filled area within a cell
– Like our blood plasma, contains dissolved
monomers like glucose, amino acids, nucleotides,
fatty acids and glycerol, vitamins and mineral plus
ionic substances like NaCl
Cytoskeleton
- Network of protein
strands that provide
support and mobility
of organelles in
cytoplasm.
- 2 components of
cytoskeleton Microfilaments and
Microtubules (both
made of protein)
Nucleus
–
Only
in
Eukaryotic
cells.
Nuclear Membrane
– *Stores hereditary information
DNA
(DNA).
– Surrounded by a double nuclear
membrane or envelope w/ pores .
– Nucleolus (1 or >) produces
ribosomes
Nucleolus
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
How do you know?
Mitochondria
- *Powerhouse of the cells.
- Supplies energy to the cell (*Site of Cellular respiration)
- Double membrane with inner membrane folded to
increase surface area
- Has its own DNA and ribosomes and can replicate
themselves!
- Found in greater numbers in cells such as muscle
cells & liver cells (2500/cell)
Cristae
Double
Membrane
Ribosomes
– Most numerous organelle.
*Site of protein synthesis. Link amino acids
together to form proteins
Made up of RNA and protein.
May be free floating in cytoplasm or
attached on Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Maze of folded channels connected to the
nuclear envelope. .
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There are two types of ER:
1 – Rough w/ ribosomes attached for
production & distribution of proteins.
2 – Smooth – Synthesis of lipids &
detoxification of toxins.
*Many in the liver
Golgi Apparatus (Bodies)
– Stack of smooth flat sacs
- Modifies, collects, packages &
distributes molecules to all
parts of a cell
Lysosomes
- *Stores digestive enzymes
– Are the cells' garbage disposal system.
They breakdown worn out organelles
– Clean up dead cells
– Responsible for the un-webbing of hands
of fetus while developing in utero
– These are rare in plant cells
Vesicles
– Temporarily isolate and transport specific
molecules
– Proteins produced in the RER
– Lipids produced in the SER
– End up in Golgi Apparatus to be
processed.
Vacuoles
- *Stores food, water and wastes
- Plant cells have a very large central water
vacuole for support
Acts like a giant water balloon that pushes on the
cell wall
Animal cells have many small vacuoles
Centrioles
– Found in animal cells
2 perpendicular bundles of
microtubules
- Function during cell division
Cell Wall
• Found in plants, algae, fungus and bacteria
• Gives cell rigidity, support and protection.
• Made up of cellulose with pectin (glue)
between adjacent cells.
Chloroplasts - found in leaves and some
stems
Convert solar energy into energy rich
molecules (glucose) - Photosynthesis
• Contain Chlorophyll, DNA and ribosomes
– They can replicate as needed (with more sunlight)
What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?
What does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not?
Cell Membrane
– Present in ALL CELLS.
- Separates the cell’s internal environment
from the external environment.
- Allows for the passage of some substances
based on size and concentration
- Selectively Permeable due to pores being
present
Made of a double layer of phospholipids
with proteins floating through it.
• Outer part of membrane is
made up of polar,
hydrophilic heads
• Inner part of membrane is
made up of nonpolar,
hydrophobic fatty acid
tails
• Proteins through
membrane allow for
passage of materials
across the membrane
• In the "fluid mosaic model" of membrane
structure says that the molecules within the
membrane move around.
– Phospholipids regularly move sideways & flip
– Proteins can not flip around
Rap
Cheek
Cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Elodea
Onion Cells
Typical Animal Cell
1. Nucleolus
2. Nucleus
(envelope)
3. Rough Er
4. Vesicle
5. Ribosome
6. Golgi Apparatus
7. Cytoskeleton
8. Smooth ER
9. MITOCHONDRIA
10. Vacuole
11. Cytoplasm
Go to cellsalive.com
12. Lysosome
13. Centrioles
1. Nucleus
2. Ribosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. Chloroplasts
5. Cell Membrane
6. Cytoplasm
7. Cell Wall
8. Central Vacuole
9. Golgi Apparatus
10.Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Typical Plant Cell
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________ (Dots)
4. _______________
5. _______________
6. _______________
7. _______________
8. _______________
9. _______________
10._______________
11._______________
12._______________
13._______________
Typical Animal Cell
1. Nucleolus
2. Nucleus
3. Ribosome
4. Vacuole
5. Rough ER
6. Golgi Apparatus
7. Microtubule
8. Smooth ER
9. Mitochondria
10. Vacuole
11. Cytoplasm
Typical Animal Cell
12. Lysosome
13. Centriole
Organelle
Function
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration - transfer of energy - Folds
called Cristae
Yes
Yes
Ribosomes
Site of Protein synthesis
Yes
Yes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough - Protein packaging & transport site
Smooth - Sythesis of lipids
Yes
Yes
Golgi Apparatus
Processing & packaging center for cell secretions
Few
Many
Lysosomes
Produce hydrolytic enzymes
Few
Many
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments - keep cell's shape and for
movement
Yes
Yes
Microfilaments &
microtubules
Support, movement and cell division
Yes
Yes
Cilia & Flagella
Cell movement & circulation Cilia - many & short,
Flagella - 1or 2 & long
Yes
Yes
Nucleolus
Production of ribosomes
Yes
Yes
Nucleus
Contains DNA, synthesizes RNA & Ribosomes
Yes
Yes
Nucleic Acid
DNA & protein - genetic information
Yes
Yes
Cell Wall
Outmost layer of plant cell - support & protection Made
of cellulose & pectin glue between walls
Yes
No
Vacuole
Stores enzymes, wastes, water & food Large water in
plants - support
Yes, large
water
vacuole
Many
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll for Photosynthesis
Yes
No
Centrioles
Microtubules that function during cell division
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cell Membrane
Selectively permeable - made of a bilipid layer &