Transcript Chapter 1 Cells and Heredity

Cells and Heredity
Chapter 1 Cell Structure and
Function.
Section 1-Discovering Cells
Section 1 –Discovering Cells: Objectives• Explain how the invention of the microscope
contributed to the scientists’
understanding of living things
• State the three points of cell theory
• Describe how a microscope works, including
how a lenses magnifies an object.
Vocabulary
 1.
cell
The basic unit of structure and function
in living things.
 2.
microscope
An instrument that makes small objects
look larger.
 3.
compound microscope
A light microscope that has more than
one lens.
 4.
cell theory
A widely accepted explanation of the
relationship between cells and living
things.
 5.
magnification
The ability to make things look larger
than they are.
 6.
convex lens
A curved lens in which the center is
thicker than the edges.
 7.
resolution
The ability to clearly distinguish the
individual parts of an object.
Notes
 1.
The invention of the
microscope
__________________
made it
possible for people to discover and learn
cells
about ________.
Names to know
 Robert
Hooke. 1663. One of the first
people to observe cells. He observed a
thin slice of cork using a compound
microscope that he built himself.
 The
cork looked like tiny rectangular
rooms, which he called cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (around the same
time that Hooke made his discovery)

Observed tiny objects with microscopes.

He made his own lenses to construct simple
microscopes

He looked at water from a pond and saw onecelled organisms that he called animalcules,
meaning “little animals”
 Matthais
Schleiden (1838) –German
scientist concluded that all plants are
made of cells.
 Theodor
Schwann (1839)-German
scientist that concluded that animals
are made of cells.
 Up
until this time, people did not
understand where cells came from.
 Most
people thought that living things
could come from non living matter.
 German
Doctor Rudolf Virchow proposed
that cells are only formed from existing
cells.
The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden,
Schwann, Virchow, and others let to the development
of the Cell Theory.
 2.
The cell theory states:
– A. All living things are composed of cells
– B.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
– C.
All cells are produced from other cells
 3.
A microscope magnifies an object by
Bending the light that passes through them.
_______________________________
 4.
convex
A ____________________lens
is
thicker in the middle than at the edges.
resolution
____________________________
is the sharpness of an image, while
magnification
_________________________
is
making an image appear larger than it
really is.
 5.
Cells and Heredity
Chapter 1 Cell Structure and
Function
Section 2: Looking Inside Cells
Section 2-Looking Inside Cells
• Identify the roll of the cell membrane and
nucleus in the cell
• Describe the functions performed by other
organelles in the cell
• Compare bacterial cells with plant and
animal cells
• Describe the role of specialized cells
in many celled organisms
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g
FuEo2ccTPA
Vocab
 8.
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a
specific function within the cell.
 9.
Cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that
surrounds the cells of plants and some
other organisms.
 10.
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which
substances can enter or leave the cell.
 11.
nucleus
A cell structure that contains nucleic
acids, the chemical instructions that
direct all the cell’s activities.
 12.
chromatin
Material in cells that contains DNA and
carries genetic information.
 13.
cytoplasm
The region between the cell membrane
and the nucleus; in organisms without a
nucleus, the region located inside the
cell membrane.
 14.
mitochondria
Rod-shaped cell structures that produce
most of the energy needed to carry out
the cell’s functions.
 15.
endoplasmic reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of
passageways in which proteins and other
materials are carried from one part of
the cell to another.
 16.
ribosome
A small grain-like structure in the
cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are
made.
 17.
Golgi body
A structure in a cell that receives
proteins and other newly formed
materials from the endoplasmic
reticulum, packages them, and
distributes them to other parts of the
cell.
 18.
chloroplast
A structure in the cells of plants and
some other organisms that captures
energy from sunlight and uses it to
produce food.
 ADD

somewhere on vocab page:
vacuole
A water-filled sac inside a cell that acts
as a storage area.
 19.
lysosome
A small round cell structure that
contains chemicals that break down
large food particles into smaller ones.
Notes
 1.
Cell membrane
The ______________________
protects the cell and controls what
substances enter and exit it.
nucleus
The ______________________
controls all the cell’s activities.
 2.
 3.
See pages 26-27 in your Cells and
Heredity Text. Match the organelle to
its “City Function”.
H
 1. Cell Wall: _________
 2.
D
Cell Membrane ________
 3.
J
nucleus ________
F
 4. chromatin: ________
 5.
I
mitochondria: _______
 6.
C
endoplasmic reticulum :___________
 7.
B
ribosomes: _________
 8.
A
Golgi Bodies: ________
 9.
G
chloroplasts: _______
 10.
K
vacuoles: ________
 11.
E
lysosomes: _______
 4.
The three functions of organelles
are:
– A.
– B.
– C.
Produce energy
Build and transport needed materials
Store recycle wastes
 5.
Bacterial cells do not contain a
nucleus
______________________.
Cells and Heredity
Chapter 1 Cell Structure and
Function
Section 3: Chemical Compounds
in Cells
Section 3-Chemical Compounds in Cells
• Describe the four main kinds of organic
molecules in living things.
• Explain how water is important to the
functioning of cells.
 20.
element
Any substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances.
 21.
atom
The smallest unit of an element.
 22.
compound
Two or more elements that are
chemically combined.
 23.
molecule
The smallest unit of most compounds.
 24.
organic compound
A compound that contains carbon.
 25.
inorganic compound
A compound that does not contain
carbon.
 26.
carbohydrates
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as
sugars and starches, that are made of
the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
 27.
proteins
Large organic molecules made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
 28.
amino acids
Small molecules that are linked
together chemically to form proteins.
 29.
enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a
chemical reaction in a living thing.
 30.
lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as
fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 31.
nucleic acid
A very large organic molecule made of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus, that contains instructions
that cells need to carry out all the
functions of life.
 32.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic
material that carries information about
an organism and is passed from parent
to offspring.
 33.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that
plays an important role in the production
of proteins.
 1.
Four main groups of organic
compounds:
 A.
carbohydrates
 B.
lipids
 C.
 D.
proteins
nucleic acids
 2.
Two examples of inorganic
compounds:
 A.
H2O - water
 B.
NaCl - Sodium chloride (table salt)
 3.
Plant cells store excess energy in the
starch
form of _____________________.
 4.
Proteins are made from the
elements:
 A.
 B.
carbon
hydrogen
 C.
oxygen
 D.
nitrogen
 E.
(and sometimes Sulfur)
Enzymes
________________in
our saliva
speed up digestion by breaking down
starches
_______________
into
sugars
__________________.
 5.
oils
fats
__________,__________
waxes
and __________
are all lipids.
 6.
water
Without ____________
most
chemical reactions would not take
___________
 7.
place.
Cells and Heredity
Chapter 1 Cell Structure and
Function
Section 4: The Cell in Its
Environment
Section 4- Objectives
– Describe 3 methods in which molecules
move in and out of cells
– Compare passive and active transport.
 34.
selectively permeable
A property of cell membranes that
allows some substances to pass through,
while others cannot.
 35.
diffusion
The process by which molecules move
from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
 36.
osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules
through a selectively permeable
membrane.
 37.
passive transport
The movement of materials through a
cell membrane without using energy.
 38.
active transport
The movement of materials through a
cell membrane using energy.
Notes
 1.
Three ways substances can move into
and out of cells:
diffusion
 A._______________
osmosis
 B._______________
Active transport
 C._______________
Active
_______________
transport
requires energy, while
Passive
____________transport
does not.
 2.
Review-Organic Compounds Graphic
Organizer
 A.
carbohydrates
 B.
proteins
 C.
Fats, oils, waxes
 D.
sugar
 E.
DNA