Transcript See the Light! - PennOhio SCTE

Fiber Presentation
John Swienton
Fiber Specialist
[email protected]
413-525-1379
Slide 1 of
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
1
JDSU: Global Leaders in the Markets We Serve
Advanced Optical
Technologies
Currency, Defense,
Authentication, and Instrumentation
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
Communications &
Commercial Optical
Products
Cable, Telecom, Datacom, Submarine,
Long Haul, Biotech, and
Microelectronics
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Communications Test &
Measurement
Service Provider, Government,
Business, and Home Networks
2
CommTest Market Drivers
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
33
Inspect Before You Connectsm
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
19
Focused On the Connection
Bulkhead Adapter
Ferrule
Fiber
Fiber Connector
Physical
Contact
Alignment
Sleeve
Alignment
Sleeve
Fiber connectors are widely known as the WEAKEST AND MOST
PROBLEMATIC points in the fiber network.
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
20
What Makes a GOOD Fiber Connection?
The 3 basic principles that are critical to achieving an efficient fiber
optic connection are “The 3 P’s”:

Perfect Core
Alignment

Physical Contact

Pristine Connector
Interface
Light Transmitted
Core
Cladding
CLEAN
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
21
What Makes a BAD Fiber Connection?
CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical
networks.


A single particle mated
into the core of a fiber
can cause significant
back reflection,
insertion loss and
even equipment
damage.
Light
|
Insertion Loss
Core
Cladding
Visual inspection of
fiber optic connectors
is the only way to
determine if they are
truly clean before
mating them.
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
Back Reflection
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
DIRT
22
Illustration of Particle Migration
15.1µ
10.3µ
11.8µ
Core
Cladding
Actual fiber end face images of particle migration
 Each time the connectors are mated, particles around the core are displaced, causing
them to migrate and spread across the fiber surface.
 Particles larger than 5µ usually explode and multiply upon mating.
 Large particles can create barriers (“air gap”) that prevent physical contact.
 Particles less than 5µ tend to embed into the fiber surface creating pits and chips.
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
23
Types of Contamination
A fiber end-face should be free of any contamination or defects, as shown below:
Simplex
Ribbon
Common types of contamination and defects include the following:
Dirt
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
Oil
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Pits & Chips
Scratches
24
Contamination and Signal Performance
1
CLEAN CONNECTION
Fiber Contamination and Its Affect on Signal Performance
Back Reflection = -67.5 dB
Total Loss = 0.250 dB
3
DIRTY CONNECTION
Clean Connection vs. Dirty Connection
This OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal
performance when dirty connectors are mated.
Back Reflection = -32.5 dB
Total Loss = 4.87 dB
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
25
WDM
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
26
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Fiber
1310 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
27
Wave Division Multiplexing
11
00
00
11
11
00
00
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
28
CWDM System Overview
 Coarse Wavelength division Multiplexing for metro
network
– Multiplexing a given number of channels: From 4 to 18 channels
as per ITU-T G.694.2
– In a limited environment: Distance range (<80km). No need for
amplifiers, CD compensators…
– Over a wide wavelength range (1271-1611nm)
• new fibers available (All Wave …).
• First step, use of 1471-1611nm
– With a wide channel spacing (20nm)
low cost components: Uncooled lasers, broad filters…
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
29
Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
PRO: Wavelengths are 20 nm apart as a cost effective solution to DWDM
CON: fiber issues prevalent and # of channels fixed
Wavelengths used:
1271
1291
1311
1331
1351
1371
1391
1411
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
Most common
1431
1451
1471
1491
1511
1531
1551
1571
1591
1611
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
30
Wavelength Allocation
 The nominal wavelength grid supporting CWDM systems has been
defined by the ITU-T G.694.2 recommendation. It shows up a large
wavelength range coverage (from 1271 to 1611nm) with a 20nm
spacing.
Attenuation (dB)
O-Band
S-Band C- Band L-Band
E-Band
Water Peak
1391
1371
1271 12911311 13311351
1411
1431
1611
1451
1591
1471 1491 151115311551 1571
Wavelength (nm)
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
31
CWDM cost constraints
 Central wavelength and drift tolerance
– Lasers used for CWDM systems are directly modulated Distributed
Feedback (DFB) lasers with bit rates of up to 2.5 Gb/s.
– Relaxed specifications for
• Central wavelength accuracy + wavelength drift over system lifetime.
• Wide spacing of CWDM allows for a central wavelength to drift by as much as
+/- 6.5 nm
 MUX/DEMUX
– CWDM transmission, with 20 nm channel spacing, allow using filters with
reduced technical constraints compare to DWDM, driving the cost
dramatically down.
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
32
Comparison between CWDM and DWDM
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
33
CWDM Network Testing
 Installation/ Fiber qualification
– Outside plant characterization including attenuation Profile
(water peak qualification)
 System Turn-up and Wavelength Provisioning
– Wavelength-route verification (continuity check)
– Insertion Loss and Power level measurement
– Active element verification.
 Maintenance and troubleshooting
– Continuity check
– Transmitter/Receivers Power Levels and drift
– Fault Location
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
34
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
PRO: Virtually unlimited scalability of channels number and
bandwidth
CON: higher equipment and maintenance cost
100Ghz spacing = 0.8 nm
spacing
ITU Channels
C band – 100 channels
L band – 100 channels
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
50Ghz spacing = 0.4 nm
spacing
ITU Channels
C band – 200 channels
L band – 200 channels
35
Bands and Wavelengths
“O”
Band
“E”
Band
1400
1300
l
“S”
Band
1500
“C”
Band
“L”
Band
“U”
Band
1600
[nm]
»O-Band - 1260nm to 1310nm
»C-Band - 1535nm to 1565nm
»E-Band - 1360nm to 1460nm
»L-Band - 1565nm to 1625nm
»S-Band - 1460nm to 1530nm
»U-Band - 1640nm to 1675 nm
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
36
DWDM Network Testing
 Installation/ Fiber qualification
– Outside plant characterization including Attenuation Profile
 System Turn-up and Wavelength Provisioning
– Wavelength-route verification (continuity check)
– Insertion Loss and Power level measurement
– Active element verification.
 Maintenance and troubleshooting
– Continuity check
– Transmitter/Receivers Power Levels and drift
– Fault Location
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
37
CWDM and DWDM on the same fiber
EVOLUTION
1431
1451
1471
1491
1511
1531
1551
1571
1591
1611
1471
1491
1511
1531
1551
1571
1591
1611
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
1431
1451
1471
1491
1511
C band DWDM 44 colors
1571
1591
1611
38
C/DWDM Network Testing
 Installation/ Fiber qualification
– Outside plant characterization including attenuation Profile
(water peak qualification)
 System Turn-up and Wavelength Provisioning
– Wavelength-route verification (continuity check)
– Insertion Loss and Power level measurement
– Active element verification.
 Maintenance and troubleshooting
– Continuity check
– Transmitter/Receivers Power Levels and drift
– Fault Location
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
39
Test questions about 100GE networks

Is my OTDR 100G capable? Crazy Question. OTDRs are important in
determining the challenges of a fiber with respect to loss/ back reflection
and other artifacts. This is NOT rate dependent.

How do I tell if my OSA can handle 100G networks? Seriously, were you
dropped on your head at birth? OSAs simply take the incoming
wavelengths and, by hitting several prisms, spread the wavelengths out so
the laser properties can be measured. The speed they turn on and off do
not affect the measurements.

Do you have inspection templates to see if a connector can support 100G.
Ok, clearly your company does not embrace random drug testing. If a
connector is dirty at 10G it is dirty at 100G and beyond.

If my fiber failed Fiber Characicterization for 10 G SONET speeds what
good is it? Actually, great question! Just because a fiber fails fiber
characterization for 10G SONET, it will most likely carry 100GE and
400GE just fine.

What the hell is Fiber Characterization?
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
40
Fiber Characterization Testing
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
50
What is Fiber Characterization?
 Fiber Characterization is simply the process of testing
optical fibers to ensure that they are suitable for the type
of transmission (ie, WDM, SONET, Ethernet) for which
they will be used.
 The type of transmission will dictate the measurement
standards used
Trans type
Speed
PMD Max
CD Max
SONET
OC-192
10 ps
1176ps/nm
Ethernet
10 Gbs
5 ps
738 ps/nm
SONET
OC-768
2.5 ps
64 ps/nm
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
52
Link Characterization vs Network Characterization
Link Characterization
 Performed months in advance to determine network elements’
compatibility with fiber and placement of elements
 Test are OTDR, PMD, CD, AP per Tellabs Sec 2.04 Network Acceptance
Test
Network Characterization
 Performed after network is built and OpAmps are in place and operational
but wavelengths are not lit.
 Tests are PMD/CD/AP and will confirm additional Dispersion added by
network elements is acceptable.
In Service/In Band PMD
 Used when taking down a network is NOT an option like network
upgrades.
 No specialized lightsource needed
 Will yield PMD and DGD of all wavelengths currently on your network
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
53
Chromatic Dispersion – What is it ?
Input
Pulse
Output
Pulse
Pulse
spreading
 Different wavelengths = different speeds thru
fiber
 Value doesn’t change (ps/nm.km)
 Can be compensated
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
54
PMD – What is it ?
 Different Polarization States = different speeds thru
fiber
 The difference = Differential Group Delay (DGD)
 PMD = Mean value of various DGD’s
Fast
Slow
v2
DGD
v1
 Values change constantly due to external stress
(e.g., wind, temp, weight)
 Compensation is complex and expensive
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
56
PMD as a function of Birefringence
Fiber Strain Causes
Strained
Fiber
Perfect Fiber
Stresses and Strains on the fiber changes the shape of the cladding and core. As
the stresses change at various point throughout the fiber link, coupled with the
polarization states constantly spinning, makes pin pointing PMD and removing
the “bad” section a game of chance.
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
57
Attenuation Profile = Wavelength Dependent Loss
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
.5
0
0.7
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
0.8
0.9
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
59
Questions
John Swienton
[email protected]
413-525-1379
© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation
|
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
82