Transcript ppt - California Institute for Telecommunications and Information

Fundamental Physics Research will
Power the New Internet
Invited Talk to the
UCSD Physics Department Brown Bag
La Jolla, CA
January 8, 2001
Larry Smarr, Cal-(IT)2
Cal-(IT)2
Proposed UC San Diego and UC Irvine
California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
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220 Faculty and Senior Researchers
Layered Structure
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New Funding Model (4 Years)
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Materials and Devices
Networked Infrastructure
Interfaces and Software
Strategic Applications
Policy
State $100M
Industry $140M
Private $30 M
Campus $30M
Federal $100-200M
Total $400-500M
One of Three Awarded
Cal-(IT)2
The Conceptual Framework
of Cal-(IT)2
www.calit2.net
Cal-(IT)2
Novel Materials and Devices
are Needed in Every Part of the New Internet
Materials and Devices Team, UCSD
Cal-(IT)2
Components for Assembling Microdevices
Valveless Microfluidics
Mechanical Stress and
Acceleration Sensors
Micro Optical Assemblies
(Lenses and Mirrors)
MEMS structures fabricated and tested at
the UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility
Cal-(IT)2
Nanoelectronics Holds the Promise
of Extending Moore’s Law
“Because of the recent rapid and radical
progress in molecular electronics – where
individual atoms and molecules replace
lithographically drawn transistors – and
related nanoscale technologies, we should
be able to meet or exceed the Moore’s Law
rate of progress for another 30 years.”
--Bill Joy, in “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”, Wired April 2000
Cal-(IT)2
Nanotechnology Blurs the Distinction
Between Biology and Physics
50 nanometers
IBM Quantum Corral
Iron Atoms on Copper
Human Rhinovirus
Cal-(IT)2
Simulation of
Semiconductor Laser Diodes
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Three Interacting Problems
– Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.)
– Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.)
– Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.)
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
– Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction
– Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission)
– Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers
Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register
National Center for Computational Electronics
Cal-(IT)2
UCSD Cal-(IT)2
Materials and Devices Program
Students and Post Docs
Technical support staff
Faculty
Molecular
materials/
devices
Materials
theory/
simulation
Spintronics
Advanced fabrication and characterization
facility:
State-of-the-art capability for materials and device
processing/analysis
Novel
electronic
materials
Advanced
display
materials
GaAs-based
low-power
MOS
Nanoscale
ultralow
power
electronics
GaN-based
microwave
transistors
Source: UCSD M&D Group
Chemical/
biological
sensors
Nanophotonic
components
High-speed
optical
switches
Cal-(IT)2
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
Proposal
• Multidisciplinary Team
– UCSD Physics (Schuller, Sham, Dynes, Hellman)
– UCSD ECE, Chem, Bioeng, MAE, Chem Eng, others
• Nanoscale Devices and Systems Architectures
– Nanoelectronics
– Nanophotonics
• Biosystems at the Nanoscale
– Nanofabrication by Biomolecular Recognition
– Electrochemical Nanofabrication
– Light Tweezers
• Nanoscale Structures, Novel Phenomena, and Quantum Effects
– Nanolithography and Growth
– Nanoscale Characterization
– Quantum Effects
Cal-(IT)2
Planned Cal-(IT)2
UCSD Clean Room Facility
Cal-(IT)2
BI / NCSA
Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Source: Lyding, Brady
Cal-(IT)2
Nanotechnology Will be
Essential for Photonics
VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :
Efficient polarization control,mode
stabilization, and heat management
Near-field coupling between pixels
in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)
FBCGH possesses
dual-functionality
such as focusing
and beam steering
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0.6
1.0
Reflectivity
TM 0th order efficiency
1.0
Near-field coupling
0.4
TE
TM
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0.6
0.4
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RCWA
Transparency Theory
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0.2
1.3
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Thickness ( mm)
0.80
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
Wavelength m
( m)
2.3
2.5
Micro polarizer
VCSEL
Information I/O through
surface wave, guided
wave,and optical fiber
from near-field edge and
surface coupling
FBCGH
Grating coupler
Fiber tip
Near-field
E-O coupler
+V
TM Efficiency
1.0
0.8
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Near-field E-O Modulator
+ micro-cavity
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Angle (degree)
40
Composite nonlinear,
E-O, and artificial dielectric
materials control and
enhance near-field coupling
Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD
Near-field E-O
modulator controls
optical properties
and near-field
micro-cavity
enhances the effect
Cal-(IT)2
Building a Quantum Network Will
Require Three Important Advances
• The development of a robust means of creating,
storing and entangling quantum bits and using them
for transmission, synchronization and teleportation
• The development of the mathematical underpinnings
and algorithms necessary to implement quantum
protocols
• The development of a repeater for long distance
transmission with the minimum number of quantum
gates consistent with error free transmission
DARPA
Cal-(IT)2
Quantum Telecommunications Systems
DARPA Proposal
• Multidisciplinary Team (UCSD, CalTech)
– Physics (Sham, Schuller, Goodkind, Scherer)
– Math (Meyers, Wallach)
– ECE (Fainman, Yu, Rao, Tu)
• Protocols for Secure Quantum Communication
• Quantum Devices
• General Quantum Telecommunication Systems
– Algorithms
– Quantum Channel Characterization
– Bandwidth Enhancement
Cal-(IT)2
Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer
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500 nm
SEM picture of posts fabricated at the
Cornell Nanofabrication Facility
– PI John Goodkind (UCSD Physics) &
Roberto Panepucci of the CNF
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Electrons Floating over Liquid He
One Electron per Gold Post
g round p al ne
ni su al to r
vo ltage el ad s
ni su al to r
NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/
UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE
Cal-(IT)2
The Wireless Internet will Transform
Computational Science and Engineering
• Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D
• Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State
• Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors
– Give Detailed State Information
– Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality
• Computational Fields
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Environmental Modeling
Civil Infrastructure Responses to Earthquakes
Ecological Modeling
Biomedical Systems
Intelligent Transportation
Cal-(IT)2
The Wireless Internet Adds
Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid
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From Experiments to
Wireless Infrastructure
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Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
San Diego Supercomputer
Center
Cal-(IT)2
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Source: John Orcutt, SIO
Building on Pioneering Work
of Hans-Werner Braun &
Frank Vernon
Cal-(IT)2
Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online
New Bay Bridge Tower
with Lateral Shear Links
Wireless Sensor Arrays
Linked to Crisis Management
Control Rooms
Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.
Cal-(IT)2
The High Performance
Wireless Research and Education Network
Linking Astronomical Observatories
to the Internet is a Major Driver
NSF Funded
PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO
45mbps Duplex Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Cal-(IT)2
Wireless Antennas Anchor
Network High Speed Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Cal-(IT)2
Coming -- The Grid Physics Network
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Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science
– CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider
– Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
– Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes)
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Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs
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Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant
20 Institutions Involved
$12 million over four years
Requires distributed megacomputer
www.griphyn.org
Cal-(IT)2
Entropia’s Planetary Computer
Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years
The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS)
Found the First Million Digit Prime
www.entropia.com
Deployed in Over 80 Countries
Cal-(IT)2
SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet
Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers
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Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day
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485,821 CPU Years so far
Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis
Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope
Next StepAllen Telescope Array
Cal-(IT)2
Companies Competing for Leadership
in Internet Computing
Intel Establishes
Peer-to-Peer Working Group
Cal-(IT)2
Entropia Donation brings Internet Computing
to Scientific Researchers
• Two Agreements Announced November 9, 2000 at SC00
– Entropia, Inc., and the Alliance
– Entropia, Inc., and the NPACI
• Entropia Will Donate 200 Million CPU Hours to PACI Program
– Largest Computing Platform for National Academic User Community
– Comparable to 10 Years Capacity of the Largest LES Systems
• Empower Computational Scientists
– Access to Massive Resources
• Drive Development of Computer Science
– Scalable Computational Algorithms and Techniques
Cal-(IT)2