Transcript Jan 17
Bio 398: Topics in Plant Biology William Terzaghi Spring 2014 COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. • Method • Technology COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. • Method • Technology http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature129 14.html COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. • Method • Technology http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature129 14.html http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/older-trees-grow-faster-thanyounger-ones-study-finds-1.2499298 Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance • Structural • Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM) • Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc) 4.Plant products • Defense compounds 5.Improving food production • Breeding: new traits to pick & ways to find them • GMO • New crops 6.Biotechnology 7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements 9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology) Plan C 1.Pick a problem Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments 4.See where they lead us Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments 4.See where they lead us Grading? Combination of papers and presentations Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments 4.See where they lead us Grading? Combination of papers and presentations Scavenger hunts? Plan C Grading? Combination of papers and presentations •First presentation:10 points •Research presentation: 10 points •Final presentation: 15 points •Assignments: 5 points each •Poster: 10 points •Intermediate report 10 points •Final report: 30 points •Scavenger hunts? BIO 398- Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12-1 in CSC228, T 1-2 in SLC 363, Thurs 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: [email protected] BIO 398 - Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12-1 in CSC228, T 1-2 in SLC 363, Thurs 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: [email protected] Course webpage: http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/bio398.html Vegetative Plants 3 Parts 1. Leaf 2. Stem 3. Root Vegetative Plants 3 tissue types 1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular • Plant Development Cell division = growth • • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become • • • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types • • • • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations • • • • • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types Pattern formation Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • embryogenesis Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis • Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis • Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation Many responses to environment Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move: Must grow towards/away from signals Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment • Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals • • • • Unique features of plant development Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • • • • Unique features of plant development Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Unique features of plant development • Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution! Unique features of plant development • Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution! • Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form different gametes Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit 3) Cells arise by division of preexisting cells Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis 8) Very small Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2)surface/volume ratio Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio • surface area increases more slowly than volume Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio • surface area increases more slowly than volume • exchange occurs only at surface • eventually have insufficient exchange for survival Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! • 2˚ wall made after growth stops Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough • Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • 1˚ wall made first • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough • Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants • Middle lamella = space between 2 cells Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • 1˚ wall made first • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Middle lamella = space between 2 cells • Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane • Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane • Desmotubule joins ER of both cells • Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane • Desmotubule joins ER of both cells • Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them! Types of Organelles 1) Endomembrane System 2) Putative endosymbionts Endomembrane system Common features • derived from ER Endomembrane system Common features • derived from ER • transport is in vesicles Endomembrane system Common features • derived from ER • transport is in vesicles • proteins & lipids are glycosylated Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosome 7) Oleosomes ER Network of membranes t/out cell 2 types: SER & RER SER tubules that lack ribosomes fns: 1) Lipid syn 2) Steroid syn 3) drug detox 4) storing Ca2+ 5) Glycogen catabolism RER Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes 1˚ fn = protein synthesis -> ribosomes are making proteins ER SER & RER make new membrane! GOLGI COMPLEX Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates! GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates! Protein’s address is built in VACUOLES Derived from Golgi; Fns: 1)digestion a) Organelles b) food particles VACUOLES Derived from Golgi; Fns: 1)digestion a) Organelles b) food particles 2) storage VACUOLES Derived from Golgi; Fns: 1) digestion a) Organelles b) food particles 2) storage 3) turgor: push plasma membrane against cell wall VACUOLES Vacuoles are subdivided: lytic vacuoles are distinct from storage vacuoles! Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane Regulates transport in/out of cell Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane Regulates transport in/out of cell Lipids form barrier Proteins transport objects & info Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import new one for export Endomembrane System Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein Endomembrane System Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin fns = information storage & retrieval Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus) Endomembrane System Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane Fn: sorting materials & recycling receptors Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer! Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer! • filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!