Transcript Earth and Space Sciences

EMSE 3123
Math and Science in Education
Earth and Space Sciences:
Lesson Ideas And Activities
Presented by
Frank H. Osborne, Ph. D.
© 2015
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Earth Science
Earth Science is the study of the structure,
dynamics, and geophysical systems of the
Earth. Key components include:
• Earth’s properties and materials
• The atmosphere and water
• Processes that shape the Earth
• How we study the Earth
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Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
Earth’s Properties and Materials
Observe and describe rocks and soil
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Earth Materials
Properties of Minerals
• Hardness
• Luster
• Color
• Streak (the mark it makes on unglazed
porcelain)
• How it breaks (crystal cleavage and fracture)
• Density
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Earth Materials
Properties of Rocks
• Rocks are mixtures of various minerals
• Rocks are like chocolate chip cookies
• Rocks can be separated according to their
properties
• Key to rocks gives some examples
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Earth Materials
• Types of Rocks
– Rocks can be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic
depending on mode of formation and composition.
– The Rock Cycle relates the three types of rocks.
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Earth Materials
• Igneous Rocks
– Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize underground.
• They cool slowly.
• Their formation is relatively stable.
• They have larger crystals.
– Extrusive igneous rocks are emitted by the Earth as
volcanoes and other related phenomena.
• They cool rapidly.
• Their formation is relatively violent.
• They have smaller crystals.
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Earth Materials
• Granite and its components
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Earth Materials
Marble shake boxes
• Clear marbles represent quartz, black
represent mica, and blue represent feldspar.
• Gentle cooling gives larger crystals (granite)-violent cooling gives small ones (rhyolite).
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Earth Materials
Properties of Soils
• Soils contain very fine rock and mineral
particles mixed with organic materials such as
decayed leaves
• Soils can be categorized according to their
predominant components
– Sandy soils have large amounts of sand
– Clayey soils have much finer mineral particles
– Loamy soils are rich in organic matter
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Earth Materials
Properties of Soils
• The properties of soil vary from place to place
and will affect the soil’s ability to support life.
• Germinate bean seeds in various types of soils
(sandy soil, clay, loamy garden soil) and see
which ones tend to grow better given equal
amounts of water.
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Earth Materials
• Erosion--wearing down and destruction of
rocks.
– Freezing and thawing
– Abrasion by wind
– Glaciation
• Settling occurs after rock particles are carried
by rivers to the ocean. How far out they are
deposited depends on their size.
– Large particles settle quickly--deposited near shore
– Small particles settle slowly--deposited far from
shore
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Earth Materials
Mineral Properties
• Mineral particles in soil result from the
weathering of rocks.
• Weathering of granite
– Quartz crystals weather slowly. They remain
intact. They predominate in sand.
– Feldspar and mica weather rapidly into tiny silt
and clay particles. They are deposited farther out
in the ocean.
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Earth Materials
• Shake bottles for sedimentation
• Water (control), gravel, cat litter, sand
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Earth Materials
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Once particles have settled, they form many
layers of material. As the layers accumulate,
heat and pressure turns the lower layers into
rock.
• Sedimentary rocks are made of accumulated
sediments. They form in layers that are
horizontal if they are not disturbed.
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Earth Materials
Rocks resemble the materials that formed them.
• Silt becomes siltstone
• Mud becomes mudstone or shale
• Gravel becomes conglomerate
• Limy deposits and shells become limestone
• Sand turns to sandstone
• Many sedimentary rocks contain fossils
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Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
Atmosphere and Water
• 1. Identify the sources and uses of water.
• 2. Recognize that water can disappear
(evaporate) and collect on cold surfaces
(condense).
• 3. Describe current weather conditions and
recognize how those conditions affect our daily
lives.
• 4. Describe daily and seasonal changes and
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patterns in the weather.
Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
How we Study the Earth
• 1. Record observations that describe the
features of the natural world in their local
environment.
• Example: What is a rock?
• Differences between natural and artificial
materials.
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Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
How we Study the Earth
• Natural limestone outcrop in Texas
Limestone outcrop
Cut limestone
Limestone boulder
Painted concrete
Asphalt
Brick
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Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
How we Study the Earth
• Limestone walls
Natural limestone
outcrop cut with a
circular saw
Natural cut limestone
blocks used to fill a
space in the wall
Concrete curb stones
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Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
How we Study the Earth
• Concrete decorative garden blocks
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Earth Science
K-2 Level Investigations
• Maps--basics
• Rocks/Soil
• Weather Basics
• States of Water
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Earth Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Earth’s Properties and Materials
• 1. Observe that most rocks and soils are made
of several substances or minerals.
• 2. Observe that the properties of soil vary from
place to place and will affect the soil’s ability to
support life.
• 3. Recognize that fossils provide evidence about
the plants and animals that lived long ago and
the nature of the environment at that time.
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Earth Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Atmosphere and Water
• 1. Recognize that air is a substance that
surrounds us, takes up space, and moves
around us as wind.
• 2. Recognize that most of Earth’s surface is
covered by water and be able to identify the
characteristics of those sources of water.
Oceans
Rivers
Lakes
Underground sources
Glaciers
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Earth Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Atmosphere and Water
3. Observe weather changes and patterns by
measurable quantities such as temperature, wind
direction and speed, and amounts of precipitation.
4. Observe that when liquid water disappears, it turns
into a gas (vapor) in the air and can reappear as a
liquid when cooled, or as a solid if cooled below its
freezing point.
5. Observe that rain, snow, and other forms of
precipitation come from clouds, but that not all clouds
produce precipitation.
6. Recognize that clouds and fog are made of tiny
droplets of water and possibly tiny particles of ice.25
Earth Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Processes that Shape The Earth
• 1. Recognize that some changes of Earth’s
surface are due to slow processes such as erosion
and weathering, and some changes are due to
rapid changes such as landslides, volcanic
eruptions, and earthquakes.
• 2. Recognize that moving water, wind, and ice
continually shape the Earth’s surface by eroding
rock and soil in some areas and depositing them
in other areas.
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Earth Science
3-5 Level Investigations
How we Study the Earth
1. Use maps to locate and identify physical features of
the Earth.
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Earth Science
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Types of maps
Rock cycle
Fossil imprints
Weather station
Classifying minerals
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Astronomy and Space Science
The origin, evolution, and
structure of the Universe.
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Astronomy and Space Science
Astronomy and Space Science concerns
itself with the study of the origin,
evolution, and structure of the Universe.
Key components include:
• The Earth, Moon, Sun System
• The Solar System
• Stars
• Galaxies and the Universe
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Astronomy and Space Science
K-2 Level Investigations
Earth, Moon, Sun System
1. Recognize that the sun supplies light and
heat to the Earth.
2. Observe the patterns of day and night and
the movements of the shadows of objects on
the Earth during the course of a day.
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Astronomy and Space Science
K-2 Level Investigations
• Day/night
• Solar system basics
• Objects in the sky
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Astronomy and Space Science
K-2 Level Investigations
Solar System
• 1. Recognize that the sun can only be seen
during the day, but the moon can be seen
sometimes at night and sometimes during the
day.
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Astronomy and Space Science
K-2 Level Investigations
Stars
• 1. Observe that stars are many, scattered, and
different in brightness.
• 2. Observe that the position of the stars, with respect
to each other (constellations) is unchanging.
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Astronomy and Space Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Earth, Moon, Sun System
• 1. Observe patterns that result from the Earth’s
position relative to the sun and rotation of the Earth
on its axis.
• 2. Recognize and describe the phases of the moon.
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Astronomy and Space Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Solar System
• 1. Describe
Earth as one of
several planets
that orbit the
sun and the
moon as a
satellite of the
Earth.
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Astronomy and Space Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Stars
• 1. Observe that stars are not all the same in
brightness, size, and color.
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Astronomy and Space Science
3-5 Level Investigations
Galaxies and Universe
• 1. Recognized that images of celestial objects
can be magnified and seen in greater detail
when observed using binoculars and light
telescopes.
• 2. Observe and record short-term and longterm changes in the night sky.
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The End
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