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Artificial Hearts Aspirin Balloons Bandages Blenders Cameras Candles CD Players Clothing Compact Discs/DVDs Computers Containers Crayons Credit Cards Dentures Deodorant Digital Clocks Dyes Fertilizers Food Preservatives Footballs Furniture Garbage Bags Glasses Glue Golf Balls Hair Dryers Hang Gliders House Paint Ink Insecticides Life Jackets Lipstick Luggage Medical Equipment Medicines MP3 Players Pantyhose Patio Screens Perfumes Photographic Film Photographs Piano Keys Roller Blades Roofing Shampoo Shaving Cream Soft Contact Lenses Surfboards Telephones Tents Toothpaste Toys Umbrellas 80% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuels • Oil • Natural gas • Coal 1 2 3 4 5 Geologists study rocks on the Earth’s surface and underground Geologists make a map of the rocks where they think oil and gas might be found Photo by John Simmons, OnTV © The Geological Society of London www.geolsoc.org.uk Well Logs Seismic Surveys •The Age of the Rocks in Ohio ranges from 300 Million years old to 480 Million years old •The Geology of Ohio is defined mainly by the Appalachian basin •The Appalachian Basins stretches from up-state New York thru Tenn. and into Alabama. • The western boundary is Cincinnati Arch in south west Ohio. •The Depth of the Basin ranges from 45,000 ft in Penn to less than 2,000 ft in Western Ohio. •The basin formed in response to multiple Orgies or Mountain Building events. •As the Appalachian Mountains grew taller the amount of sediment that was being eroded due to weathering increased and it is these sediments that form the sedimentary rocks that are here in Ohio. Engineers use the geology map to drill a well under the Earth’s surface using a “rig” If successful, the well will bring a steady flow of oil and gas to the surface Oil drops in grains of sand Gas Oil Water Microscopic View Source Rock (Fossils) •Dinosaurs! •NO!!! •Oil really comes from creatures the size of a pinhead. These one-celled creatures, known as diatoms (a form of Phytoplankton), aren't really plants, but share one very important characteristic with them - they take light from the sun and convert it into energy. MAGNIFIED IMAGES OF DIATOMS SATELLITE IMAGE OF PHYTOPLANKTON After the rig is removed, a pump is placed on the well head. An electric motor drives a gear box that moves a lever. The lever pushes and pulls, forcing the pump up and down, and creates a suction that draws up the oil. Natural Gas is moved from the well head to the burner tip within a pipeline system. Liquids such as oil can be stored in tanks and transported by trains, trucks or pipelines. Chemicals and heat are used to remove water and solids Natural gas is separated Cracking and rearranging molecules prepares the finished products Oil is then stored in tanks. Photo courtesy of © BP p.l.c. Oil & Gas wells have been drilled in Ohio since the late 1800’s. At one point Ohio was the largest producer of oil in the world. These oil fields were located in north west Ohio and this is were John D. Rockefeller founded “Standard Oil”. • In 1896 Ohio produced 24 million barrels of oil. (oil field barrel is 42 gallons) The Silurian Clinton Sandstone is still the backbone of our industry in Ohio. • The Clinton Fairway stretches north in east central Ohio. Wells range in depth from ~2000 ft to 6,000 ft. • Low risk slow pay out. Knox Group (Beekmantown, Rose Run, Copper Ridge) • Deeper than the Clinton Sandstone, depth range from ~4000 ft to 8500 ft • Higher risk but higher returns. Other shallow targets Berea, Ohio Shale and Pennsylvania Sands. • All are relatively low risk and low return. Shale Drilling!!! • Utica and Marcellus For the year 2011 there were 460 production wells drilled in Ohio. Production for the same year totaled 4.85 million bbls of oil & 73.3 BCF of natural gas. Overtime Ohio has produced over 1.14 billion bbls of oil and 8.59 TCF of natural gas. Ohio Currently has over 64,481 wells in production.