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Geothermal Project DS:HDR
(Deep Shafts:Hot Dry Rocks)
It. patents RM99 A000357 of June 3rd, 1999 and RM2002 A000521 of Oct.15th, 2002
…to access renewable energetic sources
Author: D’OFFIZI Sergio
April 26th, 2002
Revised Oct. 15th, 2002
(minibrochure version)
Short curriculum vitae of the Author
SERGIO D’OFFIZI
 Graduate in Geological Science at Rome University.
 Professor non tenured of seismotectonics at Rome III and
Perugia Universities and at High School post-graduate courses.
 From 1976 to 1983 at the ENEL (Electric National Board of Italy)
Geothermal Research Center of Pisa managing projects in Italy,
Greece and Iran and where he developed the geophysical
model by which the geothermal field of Latera (near Bolsena
Lake, central Italy) was discovered.
Chernobyl 1986
 From 1983 to 1999 he worked at the ENEL Construction Department
(where in 1994 he was appointed manager) for locating and designing
several power plants and transmission lines. He developed a new
seismotectonic approach that takes into account the geomechanical and
rheological characteristics of the rocks and the geological structures
capable of causing earthquakes. The new approach has been directly
applied by the author of the present brochure in the evaluation of the
seismic input of several nuclear power plants (among these the shelter for
the Chernobyl NPP in Ukraine, the Chashma NPP in Pakistan, the
Sholkino NPP in Crimea, the Montalto di Castro NPP in Italy). He also
designed, jointly with experts of EdF (Electricité de France), the boring of
a railway tunnel between Turin, Italy and Lyons, France. The tunnel will be
52 km long and should be excavated under the Alps; at the Ambin massif,
it will have an almost 3 km of rocks overburden with the walls of the tunnel
reaching temperatures of 60-70°C.
The 52 km long tunnel under the Western Alps, foreseen along the Turin-Lyons high speed train railway
 In January 2000 he was appointed Director of Land and Environment of SOGIN, a State-owned
society whose mission is the decommissioning of the four Italian NPPs. The structure inherited all
the experiences gathered in ENEL in the Environment Impact Assessment of its plants (more than
52 EIA studies, for several kind of power plants and electric transmission lines) and in location big
power plant at risk.
 The new project DS:HDR, for exploiting the internal heat of the earth, arose from all these
experiences and required more than 15 years of study. It has been registered at the Italian
Patents and Marks Office of Production Activity Minister with two requests (RM99 A000357 of
June 3, 1999, Patent n. 01311464 of April 23, 2002 and RM2002 A000521 of October 15, 2002).
 The project has been judged by ENEL-Erga (now ENEL-Greenpower) as “…an innovative and
interesting project…”
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The warming-up of our planet, due to the release
of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere,is
deeply worrying governments and people
Increasing of atmospheric average temperature from 1880 and 2000 (°F)
(from: U.S. National Climatic Center, 2001)
GL
Retreat speed of Grinnel Glacier
(Montana) had an acceleration from the
beginning of 1900 (the arrows show the
ice limits through the years)
TO THE CONSUMERS (Time Magazine of
April Power
23, 2001): “... Choose electric
People
If possible, choose a utility company that does not produce ele
companies
that don’t produce electricity by
fossil fuels.
sources emitting
COannual
fossil
fuels...”
Average
huge.
2 reduction:
2 asCO
From: TIME (Europe) – April 23, 2001 Vol. 157 No. 16
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At the Kyoto meeting it was been established to
solve the problem by using clean energy sources
instead of fossil fuels; the internal heat of the
earth can contribute to meet such goal
An oil company like Shell decided to invest a noteworthy amount of money
in advertising and in the development of researches on renewable sources
(see Shell Renewables) to give the consumers the image of an
environmentally friendly company.
If we look at the
internal temperatures
of the Earth we can
agree that the
internal heat of our
planet is the most
diffused and largest
renewable and clean
energy at our
disposal.
MANTLE
CORE
5200 km
CRUST
30-70 km
1000°C
2900 km
3700°C
4300°C
Internal temperatures of the Earth
Accessing such kind of energy would mean giving an answer to the most
relevant challenges of the third millennium:
- combining the industrial development and planet health;
- avoiding conflicts between oil-producing countries and consumers ones.
From the U.S. Department Of Energy (DOE) site www.energy.gov:
“geo (earth) thermal (heat) energy is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is
clean (emits little or no greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and
home-grown (making us less dependent on foreign oil)”
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As of today we have been able to access only
a very little amount of the enormous quantity
of the heat laying below the earth surface
Geothermal power plant and thermal pool in Iceland
The overall power of the
plants in the world utilizing
geothermal energy, coming
from the rare hydrothermal
reservoirs and/or of the even
rarer surficial thermal
emergencies, reaches very
modest values: 8,000 MWe
(with about 50 TWh/year
produced) and 12,000 MWt
(respectively for the electric
production and for the direct
use of the heat).
Geothermal well
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The experiments of Fenton Hill (New Mexico)
give us new perspectives for exploiting crustal
Hot Dry Rocks (HDR)
The experiments carried out between 1977 and 1995 by the Los
Alamos National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
demonstrated how relatively easy it is to extract the heat from the rocks
below the surface by means of wells drilled from the surface through
which injecting cold water down and drawing it off heated: with such heat
has been possible to spin a little generator of electric current. Similar
experiments are currently carried out in the world (France, Japan,
England, Swiss, Australia) showing the interest of the method.
Fenton Hill scheme
Fenton Hill HDR plant
However the high costs of this plant, more than 20 times a modern gas
fuelled power plant, doesn’t allow at present to pass from the experimental
phase to the industrial one. If we were to construct a 1,000 MWe HDR power
plant with the Fenton Hill scheme (where, with three wells, had 4.8 MWe), it
would be necessary to drill more than 600 wells with a length of 4-5 km for a
total expense, only for the drillings, of about 7 billion €.
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The new proposed scheme, named DS:HDR
(Deep Shaft:Hot Dry Rocks), removes the present
obstacles to the industrial exploiting of crustal heat
Surface to be
interested:
60-70 km2
Productive part of the
wells drilled in rocks
at about 300°C
Non
productive
part of the
wells
4-5 km
Besides the high costs, a HDR
plant for exploiting the internal
heat of the earth, constructed
scaling to 1,000 MWe the Fenton
Hill experiment, would have an
other big problem: the more than
600 wells required should be
scattered over an area of 60-70
km2, inducing an unacceptable
impact on the territory.
The new plant, named DS:HDR
(from Deep Shaft:Hot Dry rocks)
(Patents RM99 A000357 of June
3rd, 1999 and RM2002 A000521
of Oct.15th, 2002 n. 01311464 of
surface
Italian Patents and Trade-Mark
Office of Productive Activities
Minister, owned by the Author of
present brochure) substitutes all
4 km
the non-productive parts of the
drillings by means of a shaft
(vertical or at various angle
decline) of large diameter and
Productive part of the
some sub-horizontal tunnels; this
wells drilled in rocks
allows to drastically reduce both
at about 300°C
the costs and the impact on the
territory.
The drilling of the only productive part of the wells (the final or deeper one from
which the circulating fluids can be pumped or recovered into/from the
surrounding hot rocks) is, in this case, made directly from the tunnels (thermal
cohibented, hydraulically sealed and inside-refrigerated/conditioned) departing
from the main shaft.
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The new project DS:HDR doesn’t require the
development of particular technologies: it is sufficient
to improve the existing ones in mining field.
4 km
Large diameter shafts reaching same depths are already working in the world: the
gold mine of Freegold (Orange State-South Africa) has a shaft of about 4 km (see
the external derrick pointed by the red arrow at left photo). Several tunnels
departing from it serve to dig the material from the gold reef (see cross-section at
right). The white rectangle (R), pointed by the green arrow, in this cross-section
represents the refrigerating machinery that allows to maintain the temperature at the
bottom of the shaft at 32°C, despite the fact that the surrounding rocks reach
temperature of about 150°C, so the worker can operate quite comfortably.
Heating
Steam
Electric
generation
One of the
possible
schemes of a
DS:HDR
power plant
The final geometry of the plant will depend on the needed
thermal power of the reservoir and from the thermal and
geomechanical characteristics of the rocks at the chosen site.
4 km
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The very preliminary hypothesis on costs and
economic incomes of a DS:HDR plant with a
power of 1,000 MWe give very good results (*)
• Required thermal power of the HDR reservoir necessary to sustain a 1,000 MWe
geothermal power plant: 7,300 MWt (with compensated decrease through the plant life).
• Hot Dry Rocks to exploit: 45-50 km³ at a temperature of 270-320 °C.
• Water required to act as circulating fluid: 10 million m³ at the beginning and 2-3 million
m³/year to replace the losses.
• Vertical shaft: 3,5-4 km long, diameter 10 m (cost 120-180 Mln €, of these 50 Mln €
needed for the excavation as from the offer received from the South-African firm
Cementation Mining).
• Sub-horizontal tunnels: n. 5-8, diameter 4-6 m, for a total length of 36 km (290-420 Mln €).
• Wells: n. 250 for a total length of 200 km (125-190 Mln €).
• Others main costs: external power plant, apparatus for conditioning the shaft and the
tunnels, pipelines, pump for circulate the fluid, ecc.. (400-600 Mln €).
• Feasibility study: 25-30 Mln €.
• Total cost for a plant: 960-1,420 Mln €.
• Total investment: about 1.000-1.500 Mln €
(1-1,5 Mln €/installed MWe)
• Project financing design: 40-80 Mln €.
• Company capital: about 20% of the total investment.
• Foreseen DS:HDR plant duration: 25 years.
• Feasibility study execution of the plant: 2,5-3 years.
• Construction time: 8 years.
• Maintenance: 0,0052 €/kWh produced.
• Personnel: 100 people.
• Tax (Italian condition): 4,25% for IRAP, 37% for IRPEG, DIT (Dual Income Tax) considered.
• Passive interest rates: 7,2% for middle and long duration, 8,5% for short, 9,3% initial period.
• Active interest rate: 6,0%.
• Capital cost for the shareholder: 12,1% -12,2%.
• TIR: 15,2-20,3 % (with “green” economic Italian incentives x 8 years + terminal value).
• Adjusted Present Value of the project: 350-500 Mln €
(*) The present calculations has been made with the help of Mr. A. Ganci
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A DS:HDR power plant has other very
interesting opportunities
Besides the incredible more than 90% of the time availability, other
possibilities could come from a DS:HDR power plant:
• utilizing the thermal energy contained by the fluids after the
electric generation for direct heating of civil or industrial items
(10-20 billion kWht/year, for a value of several hundreds of
million €/year) helping in this way in reducing the electromagnetic
pollution;
• utilizing the plant also for supplying peak energy, so as to have
higher return (selling the kWh at higher price) from the
investment;
• selling the cuttings coming from the excavation of shaft and
tunnels (about 2 million m3 with a value of 25-50 Mln €)
If, moreover, it were possible to locate the entrance of the shaft in
an already existing pit, we could get other relevant advantages:
• to reduce the length and
the cost of the shaft;
• to utilize the cuttings
excavated also from
mining point of view;
• to reduce to near zero the
already very low
environmental impact of
the plant
Fimistone Open Pit
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Where could we realize a DS:HDR plant and
what should we do first
• The suitable areas are
distributed all over the world
(offshore areas included). For
instance, only in a little part of
central Italy (at the Thyrrenic
side) the potentially suitable
area has a total extension of
about 15,000 km2. In such an
area something like 250
power plants of 1,000 MWe
each could be realized!
In the western side of U.S. the
power could easily rise to a
total of 3 million MWe!
Mine with larch sustains type “Marciavanti”
• The first step to be done is a feasibility study: it requires 2,5-3 years
and about 60 experts working full time.
At the end of the study, that could comprehend also surveys aimed
to discover a suitable site for the construction of a DS:HDR power
plant, it will be possible to chose among one of the following
possibilities:
1) to go on with the construction of a pilot plant;
2) to continue the study for improving the results;
3) to decide to wait longer before passing to the industrial
phase of the DS:HDR project.
In any case the feasibility study, due to the highly innovative
characteristics of the project, will bring relevant discoveries in the
mining field to be preserved by patents. The job could be given to a
society to be quoted at the stock market.
• Last but not the least, the results of the surveys could reveal
geological structures connected to deep regional hydrothermal
reservoirs to be exploited, not reachable in other manners.
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