Transcript A poluicao do ar nos grandes centros urbanos do seculo 21 13o

A poluição do ar nos grandes
centros urbanos do século 21
13o Encontro Técnico de Alto Nível:
Contaminação Atmosférica e os Desafios das
Megacidades
São Paulo, 21 e 22 de julho de 2016
SABESP, Auditório Eng. Tauzer Quindere
Agnes Soares, SDE PAHO/WHO
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Air pollution and health
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Title of the Presentation
Diseases strongly related to air pollution
Balakrishnan K et al. Environmental Health, 2013,12:77;
Burnett R et al., Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014,Vol. 22:4;
Smith K, Bruce N et al. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 2014, Vol. 35;
IER function*: PM2.5 and child ALRI risk
Household air
pollution (red)
Second-hand
smoking (blue)
Outdoor air
pollution (green)
*Burnett et al EHP 2014
IER function for PM2.5 and child ALRI risk (linear scale)
WHO IT-1 (35
µg/m3 PM2.5)
Require exposure
reduction to around
IT-1 or less to prevent
majority of
attributable cases
Stroke
Lung Cancer
COPD
Ischemic Heart Disease
ug/m3 annual average PM2.5
WHO air pollution database
http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/en/
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Title of the Presentation
Number of cities and towns, 2016
Region
Africa (Sub-Saharan)
America, LMI
America, HI
Eastern Mediterranean, LMI
Eastern Mediterranean, HI
Europe, LMI
Europe, HI
South-East Asia
Western Pacific, LMI
Western Pacific, HI
World
Number of towns
and cities
39
102
524
53
31
166
1553
175
225
109
2 977
Number of countries
LMI: Low-and middle-income; HI: high-income
10
13
6
8
6
9
33
9
4
5
103
Total number of
countries in region
47
24
11
15
6
19
34
11
21
6
194
Number of cities and towns with accessible PM10 and PM2.5 data
in 2016, per urban population
PM10/2.5: Fine particulate matter of 10/2.5 microns or less; Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean;
Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-income; HI: high-income.
PM10 levels by region and city size, for available cities and towns, latest
year in the period 2008-2015
PM10: Fine particulate matter of 10 microns or less; Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East
Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-income; HI: high-income. PM10 values for the world are regional urban population-weighted
PM10 levels for selected* cities, for the latest year in the
period 2011-2015
PM10: Fine particulate matter of
10 microns or less;
Afr: Africa; Amr: America;
Emr: Eastern Mediterranean;
Eur: Europe;
Sear: South-East Asia;
Wpr: Western Pacific;
LMI: Low- and middle-income;
HI: high-income.
*Selection criteria: for year of
measurement 2011 or more
recent, the largest city for each
country within a region (or two
cities for one country if only 2
countries available in the region.
City size ranges from 140’000 to
26 million habitants.
PM10 levels for available mega-cities of more than 14 million habitants,
250
latest available year in the period 2011-2015
PM 10 [ug/m3]
200
150
100
50
WHO Air quality
3
guideline : 20 mg/m
0
Delhi
Shanghai Sao Paulo Mumbai Mexico
city
PM10: Fine particulate matter of 10 microns or less.
Beijing
Cairo
Dhaka
Buenos
Aires
Kolkata Istanbul
Annual mean PM of the assessed town and cities compared to the WHO
Air Quality Guidelines (AQG)
WHO AQG:
Annual mean PM10: 20 mg/m3
Annual mean PM2.5: 10 mg/m3
Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI:
Low- and middle-income; HI: high-income; AQG: WHO Air Quality Guidelines.
Number of cities and towns included for the PM10 and PM2.5
comparison over a 5-year period, by region.
Region
Africa (Sub-Saharan)
America, LMI
America, HI
Eastern Mediterranean, LMI
Eastern Mediterranean, HI
Europe, LMI
Europe, HI
South-East Asia
Western Pacific, LMI
Western Pacific, HI
World
Number of towns
and cities
2
13
343
16
6
32
277
53
33
21
796
Number of countries
2
7
6
6
2
5
30
5
2
3
68
Total number of
countries in region
47
24
11
15
6
19
34
11
21
6
194
LMI: Low-and middle-income; HI: high-income. Regions with less that 5 cities were not included in the analysis.
Trend in PM2.5 or PM10 based on cities available in several
versions of the database, by region1.
Region
Africa (Sub-Saharan)
America, LMI
America, HI
Eastern Mediterranean, LMI
Eastern Mediterranean, HI
Europe, LMI
Europe, HI
South-East Asia
Western Pacific, LMI
Western Pacific, HI
World3
Trend over the mean
period 2008-20132
NA
1 Criteria for inclusion: cities with
measured PM2.5 or PM10 values in the
three database versions covering a period
of 3 years or more, or in two versions and
covering a period of 4 years or more.
2
: No more than 5% change over
the five-year period;
: More than 5%
decrease over the five-year period;
:
More than 5% increase over the five-year
period.
3 The mean for the World is based on
weighting by regional urban population.
LMI: Low- and middle-income countries; HI: High-income; NA: Not available. Results are based on 795 cities and are
to be interpreted with caution, as 1) cities included might not ensure representativeness, 2) yearly variations due for
example to climatic changes can be important and 3) a 5-year comparison does not necessarily represent trends, in
particular when changes are limited.
Percentage of cities with increasing and decreasing PM2.5 or PM10
annual means, by region
Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and
middle-income; HI: high-income. *The world figure is regional population-weighted.
Percentage of city population experiencing increasing and
decreasing PM2.5 or PM10 means, by region
Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and
middle-income; HI: high-income.
Air Pollution Management and
Control in Latin America and the
Caribbean
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Title of the Presentation
Air pollution is a major public health risk in the
Americas
• 152,000 deaths attributable to ambient
air pollution in the Americas in 2012
(WHO, 2014)
• 80,000 deaths attributable to
household air pollution in LAC for the
year 2012 (WHO, 2014)
• Air pollution accounts for about 1 in 8
deaths overall
• Contributes significantly to NCDs:
cancers, cardio-vascular diseases,
chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases, and asthma
• Contributes significantly to lower
respiratory infections
Number of cities monitoring PM10 and PM2.5 per
population size in LAC
City population size
≥100,000 <500,000
≥500,000 <1000,000
≥1000,000 <5000,000
≥5000,000 <10,000,000
≥10,000,000
Number of
cities
455
57
35
5
3
555
PM10
PM2.5
11
11
14
5
3
44
34
5
8
5
2
54
• PM10 is regulated in 19/33 countries;
• PM2.5 is regulated in 13/33 countries
Riojas-Rodríguez, H; Soares da Silva A; Texcalac-Sangrador JL; Moreno-Banda GL. Air pollution management and
control in Latin America and the Caribbean and implications for climate change. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016
(forthcoming)
Monitoring stations in 77 cities
distributed in 17 /33 LAC
countries
PM10 – 44 cities
PM2.5 – 54 cities
Coverage ~133 million people.
Riojas-Rodríguez, H; Soares da Silva A; Texcalac-Sangrador JL;
Moreno-Banda GL. Air pollution management and control in
Latin America and the Caribbean and implications for climate
change. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016 (forthcoming)
Mean annual levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in LAC cities with
ground level monitoring stations compared to WHO AQG
PM10
(µg/m3)
PM2.5
(µg/m3)
Tier 1
70
35
Mortality risk 15% > AQG
Tier 2
50
25
Mortality risk ~ 6% < Tier 1
Tier 3
30
15
Mortality risk ~ 6% < Tier 2
AQG
20
10
Minimum level with
observed effect
WHO Air Quality Guidelines, update 2005
http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/
Note
PM2.5 - 25 μg/m3 24-hour mean
PM10 - 50 μg/m3 24-hour mean
Riojas-Rodríguez, H; Soares da Silva A; Texcalac-Sangrador JL; Moreno-Banda GL. Air pollution management
and control in Latin America and the Caribbean and implications for climate change. Rev Panam Salud
Publica. 2016 (forthcoming)
Sulphur content in diesel
Mexico City has registered only 20
“clean” days until mid June 2016
according to national air quality
standards.
- Historically decreasing trends
- Legislation updated in 2015 in a
participatory process
- Difficulties on implementing and
sustaining interventions to reduce
vehicle emissions
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The way forward
We cannot do more of the same and expect different results…
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WHA 69.18 - a road map for an enhanced global response
to the adverse health effects of air pollution
• expand the knowledge base on health impacts of air pollution and
effectiveness of interventions to reduce air pollution;
• enhance national and global capacities to assess air pollution,
propose interventions, and develop systems for monitoring and
reporting air pollution health impacts and trends; and
• support the development and coordination of action plans and
policies at city, regional and national levels.
WHA69.8 available at: http://www.who.int/phe/news/may2016/en/
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Lifetime of Air Pollutants
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Source: UNEP
0.5C warming avoided
Knowledge needed for effective policies:
1. Source contributions to Air Pollution and climate
change- relative contribution from power generation,
transportation, industry, home energy etc. varies between
cities and regions
2. Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions:
sustainable mobility, energy-efficient homes, clean
cookstoves, and clean power sources not only reduce
pollution, they generate multiple other health & equity cobenefits
3. Tracking of air pollution and related health
impacts: local data to inform about trends and
effectiveness of policy measures
Take home messages
• Air pollution is a major preventable cause of disease and death in
the Americas - Adopt the WHO AQG
• The modifiable sources of air pollution are mostly in transport, power
generation, and home energy; and varies between and within
countries, cities and regions – produce/use souces inventories
• Integrated interventions towards sustainable mobility could reduce
air pollution, mitigate climate warming, and produce health cobenefits (less traffic injuries, reduced disease burden)
o Other examples: BRT, space for cycling and walking, energy efficiency in the household (e.g.
heating, cooking), cleaning fuels, and innovative power generation (solar, wind).
• Focus on interventions most beneficial to health and equity.
Thank you!
Gracias!
Obrigada!
[email protected]
Curitiba, Brazil, 2012, by ®Eugenia Rodrigues
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