Transcript Health and Air Pollution Exposure Research

Health and Air Pollution
Exposure Research
Sotiris Vardoulakis
APRIL Meeting
23 June 2009
• Passive diffusion sampling
• Active (pumped) sampling
• Gravimetric particle sampling
• Remote open path analysers
• Light scattering instruments
• Passive diffusion sampling
• Active (pumped) sampling
• Gravimetric particle sampling
• Bio-monitoring
• Exposure diaries
Air Quality Monitoring
Exposure Monitoring
Atmospheric
Emissions
Air Pollutant
Concentration
• Toxicological evidence
• Epidemiological evidence
(time-series & cohort studies)
• Mortality data, hospital
admissions, clinic visits, etc.
Environmental
Epidemiology
Population
Exposure
Health
Impacts
Air Quality Modelling
Exposure Modelling
Health Impact
Assessment
• Meteorology
• Terrain effects
• Urban canopy effects
• Moving vehicles effects
• Building ventilation/infiltration
• Indoor sources & sinks
• Regional background
• Location of residence,
workplace, school, etc.
• Transient microenvironments
• Time-activity pattern
• Population distribution
• Statistical person profile
• Susceptible groups
• Exposure-response
relationships
• Baseline mortality / morbidity
• Duration of exposure
• Duration of health effects
• Age / gender distribution
• Disability weights
Air Pollution Exposure & Health Impact
Assessment Case Studies
• “Green Grid” tree planting intervention in East London
(PUrE, EPSRC-funded)
• “Red Route” traffic management intervention in Birmingham
(Birmingham City Council & PUrE , EPSRC)
• Improving Sustainability of the Indoor Environment
(PUrE-INTRAWISE, EPSRC-funded)
• Chemicals in the household (INTARESE, EU FP7 funded)
•
Improved stoves to reduce indoor air pollution in Kenya
(Chadwick Trust & GTZ)
East London Green Grid

Create a better
environmental context
for development

Improve air quality

Improve flood risk
management

Enhance biodiversity
and ecological values

Secondary health
benefits (e.g. mental
health, exercising)
http://www.thames-gateway.org.uk/projects-content.asp?id=160
Dispersion Modelling Approach

UFORE used to estimate PM10 interception
Grid cell depth = 10 m
PM10
wind
Canopy height = 5 m
Human receptor = 1.5 m
PM10 Concentration
Air Pollution Modelling
ADMS-URBAN & UFORE
Pre-intervention
Post-intervention
University of Manchester & Forrest Research (PUrE)
(μg m-3)
PM10 (μg m-3)
High : 25.43
Low : 22.92
Health Impact Assessment – 1
Respiratory Hospital Admissions Averted
Res. Hospital
Admissions
Health Impact Assessment – 2
Premature Deaths Averted
Premature
Deaths
Health Benefits London Green Grid
Exposed population: 1 million
cases averted
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Year 2004
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
Premature Mortality
Hospital Admissions
Red Route Network
• Reduces traffic congestion by removal of stopping/parking
• Areas where parking is restricted are defined by red lines
• Road and traffic signal improvements
• Use parking facilities off the main road
• Red Routes blamed to be fast-flowing mini motorways
disrupting community life and commercial activities.
Birmingham Traffic Management Intervention
SCOTLAND
Red Route
HIA
ENGLAND
BIRMINGHAM
LONDON
Stratford Road
Stratford Road
Red Route
Stratford Road (Birmingham)
East
NO2 and BTEX
passive tubes
West
NOX
analyser
PM10 (TEOM)
3.5 m
6m
22.5 m
6m
Centenary Square: 17.05
Bristol Road:
25.35
31.97
27.09
Warwick Road
33.05
24.76
21.84
27.77
25.27 23.82
28.31
28.18
22.77
Annual mean
NO2 (ppb)
23.62
29.78
30.21
N
16.03
40.41
31.18
Dispersion Modeling (OSPM)
NO2
OSPM-summer
OSPM-winter
passive-summer
passive-winter
25
25
Benzene
OSPM-summer
OSPM-winter
passive-summer
passive-winter
20
15
15
15
5
Height (m)
20
10
10
5
0
0
10
20
NO2 (ppb)
30
0
40 0
OSPM-summer
OSPM-winter
passive-summer
passive-winter
25
20
Height (m)
Height (m)
O3
10
5
0
10
20
O3 (ppb)
30
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Benzene (ppb)
Vardoulakis S., Valiantis M., Milner J., ApSimon H., 2007. Operational
air pollution modelling in the UK – street canyon applications and
challenges. Atmospheric Environment 41, 4622–4637
1.0
Population Exposure
Model
Junction
Street
canyon
Background
Surrounding
Health Benefits: Air Quality
0.40
Exposed
Population: 0.3 million
0.35
Res. Hospital Admissions
Excess Cancer Cases
0.30
Cases averted
Premature Mortality
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Benzene
NO2
PM10
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Weighted Impact
10
100
8
80
6
60
4
40
2
20
0
0
-2
-20
-4
-40
-6
-60
-8
-80
-10
-100
Total Impact
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
An Integrated Framework for Improving
Sustainability of the Indoor Environment
(PUrE Intrawise)
OUTDOOR& GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
INDOR & LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
THE LIFE CYCLE OF
ENERGY PROVISION
Extraction of
fuels
OPTIONS
(CASE
STUDIES)
Energy
efficiency
Winter/summer
indoor
temperatures
Use of space
Social interactions
Sense of control
Cold/heat related
morbidity/mortality
Thermal
comfort
Fuel
processing
Power
generation
Power
distribution
Emissions
& wastes
Modal
switching
Microgeneration
Ventilation
Mould growth
& house dust
mites
Psycho-social
well-being
Cardio- respiratory
morbidity
Emissions to indoor
environment
Indoor air
quality
Emissions to outdoor
environment
Outdoor air
quality
Environmentalimpacts
(Resource depletion, Global warming,
Acidification, Nutrification, Eco-toxicity etc.)
Climate change
Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of
Environmental Stressors in Europe

Toluene
Household Chemicals



UK - before
Toluene
Formaldehyde
Phthalates (DBP)
UK - after
8%1%
1%
11%
12%
1%
44%

Policy Measures
(e.g. Directive 2005/59/EC
limiting the use of toluene in
adhesives and spray paints)
Multi-pathways

Chronic & acute health
effects

Population subgroups
spray paint
glue repairing
shoe polish
car polish
69%
magazines
printed matter
9% 4%
background
160
Adult Women
Adult Men
Integrated Exposure
Assessment (ConsExpo)

spray primer
1%
17%
22%
120
DALYs

paint thinner
80
40
0
BEFORE
AFTER
United Kingdom
BEFORE
AFTER
Republic of Serbia
Improved stoves to reduce indoor air pollution
in Kenya (Caroline Ochieng)
http://www.who.int/indoorair/en/
Conlusions
• Relatively small margin for ambient air quality
improvement in UK cities, but synergies between
air pollution and climate change
• Improved indoor air quality by optimising building
design, ventilation and energy use in houses
• Large health benefits from air quality improvement
(indoor and outdoor) in developing countries
Current Research at LSHTM
• Environmental Epidemiology research
• Operational monitoring and modelling techniques
to characterise exposure to air pollution
• Health impact assessment of environmental
interventions
• Quantitative Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
(direct and indirect health impacts)
Other air pollution related projects at
PEHRU (mainly epidemiology)
•
NERC-funded project on high temperatures, ozone and health
(with Univ. Edinburgh) – led by Paul Wilkinson
•
DH-funded project on ozone-mortality relationships (with St
George's and Univ. Edinburgh) – led by Ben Armstrong
•
DH-funded project on air pollution and cardiovascular disease –
led by Shakoor Hajat
•
DH-funded project on the oxidative potential of outdoor air
pollution (with King's College) – led by Cathryn Tonne
•
ESRC fellowship on air pollution and health in London – Cathryn
Tonne
•
EPSRC-funded LUCID project on adaptation to climate change and
air pollution in London (led by UCL)
• Wellcome Trust air pollution-related burdens as part of a project
on climate change mitigation – led by Andy Haines
Acknowledgments

Public & Environmental Health Research Unit:
Zaid Chalabi, Tony Fletcher, Paul Wilkinson,
Ben Armstrong, Sari Kovats, Carolyn Stephens,
Chris Grundy, Shakoor Hajat, Emma Hutchinson,
Sam Pattenden, Ai Milojevic, Cathryn Tonne, James
Milner, Antonio Gasparrini, Rebecca Steinbach,
Caroline Ochieng, Xiyu Phoon, Simon Lloyd

Health Protection Agency (Giovanni Leonardi)

Environment Agency (Bernard Fisher)

PUrE and PUrE-INTRAWISE consortia

INTARESE consortium

INERIS institute (France)