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ICP Vegetation 29th Task Force Meeting
AIR POLLUTION IN LATIN
AMERICA
MSC. MARIDELIN RAMOS
PHD. RITA PLA
29TH FEBRUARY – 4TH MARCH 2016
DUBNA, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
SOCIECOLOGICAL SITUATION
• Latin America occupies 15% of
the planet's surface
• From 1970 to 2009 the
population has increased by
295 million people (51%).
• The current population is 581.4
million people.
• 53% of the population lives in
urban areas.
• 100 million people are exposed
to Air Pollution.
• 85 million of people lives in
areas without Air Pollution
Standers
LAC AIR POLLUTION
79% of population lives
in densely populate
areas of LAC
The region has a lot of biodiversity, Air pollution
problem from one city to another:
• In Mexico city and Santiago thermal inversion
causes poor ventilation, trapping pollutans,
deterioring air quality.
• Large quantities of fine particle from North
Africa dust storm are transported into the
Caribbean
TRANSPORT
Mexico 211%
Transpor has growth rapidly. 1990-2005
Brazil 230%
Chile 219%
• Age of fleets: San Salvador
•
Diesel is widely used in the
transport sector.
Buses and
trucks 10%
75% PM10
Major
contribution to
PM and gases
pollutants
S leves
Transport
source
• Transport emission trend to continuos a dominant source of air
pollution
INDUSTRY
OLADE report: 19% CO2 emission came
from Industrial sector
15% came from
power generation.
The most important sector are:
• The generation of electricity
• production of goods and services,
• food preparation,
• the use of consumer products,
• management and distribution of fuels
• There is a low quality of solid waste,
424,000 tons of garbage produced per
day and less than 35% is transferred to
landfills
RURAL AIR QUALITY
LAC rural population has reduce poverty only 62% to 49%
(2002-2011).
Milenium Development Goals
Main Air Pollution sources: Agriculture, burning of wood
refused and crop waste.
There is little or no air monitoring stations in rural areas
MINING
Mining activities are relevants
in Chile, Peru, Brazil, Mexico.
Civil society in Latin America
make visible in cop21Paris the
problem of mining and its
relation to climate change
Guatemala there are
problems with mining and
indigenous population
AGRICULTURE
Damage to forest
cause by ozone
exposition
• In Panama a study was
conducted in 2008 and pointed
Ozone levels toxic to plants and
humans
• In Cuba was established in the
90s, Early Warning System "to the
producing severe damage
ozone (in order to allow) the
agricultures producer and
Cuban institutions.
Pesticide: Mesoamerican
per capita consuption 1,3Kg
AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Central america and caribean higth
vulnerabilty to climatic change
impacts
Mexico city, New York, Sao Pablo,
Santiago
GHG
Mitigation
Ozone
and PM
reduction
Mexico city was stimate that reduce
Annual particle exposition by 1% and
Ozone by 3%, reduce GHG emision
by 2%
Climatic change have importants
impacts on air quality.
It´environmental and climate change
problematic, must be addressed with
a sense of solidarity and support to
the most vulnerable.
IMPACT OF HUMAN WELL BEING
• In LAC: 31,000 annual deaths
Cardiovascular diseasis
• Infants and old people are more
sensitive to Air Pollution
Mexico: The particle were more toxic for
infants and old people.
There is genetic susceptibility to ozone
exporure in asthasmatic children.
Tamaco, Chile report association
betwen PM10 concentration and dayly
mortality, in people age 65 years and
more
Pollutant
PM2,5(gm3)
PM10 (gm3)
Ozone (gm3)
Averaging time
24 hr
Annual
24hr
Annual
1hr
Buenos Aires
65
15
150
150
235
157
--
Bolivia
--
--
150
50
236
--
--
La Paz
25
10
50
20
--
100
60
Brazil
--
--
150
50
160
--
--
Colombia
50
25
100
50
120
80
--
Chile
50
20
150
50
--
120
--
Costa Rica
--
--
150
50
160
--
--
Ecuador
65
15
150
50
160
120
--
El Salvador
65
15
150
50
235
120
60
Jamaica
--
--
150
50
235
--
--
Mexico
65
15
120
50
216
157
--
Nicaragua
--
--
150
50
235
160
--
Panama
--
--
150
50
235
157
--
Peru
50
--
150
50
--
120
--
Puerto Rico
35
15
150
--
235
147
--
Dominicana
65
15
150
50
250
160
--
Venezuela
--
--
150
50
200
160
--
8hr
Annual
PM2.5 CONCENTRATIONS ANNUAL AVERAGE IN 2011
Sao Pablo
Quito
San Juan
Montevideo
Monterrey
Mexico DF
Bogotá
Medellin
Santo Domingo
Panamá city
Lima
Santiago
San Salvador
20.3
17.8
WHO
10 gm3
US
12gm3
EU
25gm3
5.5
28
25.9
26.2
35.1
PM2,5
29
29.1
28.1
31.5
26
28
0
10
20
Concentration of PM2,5 (gm3)
30
40
PM10 CONCENTRATIONS ANNUAL AVERAGE IN 2011
WHO
20gm3
37.8
Quito
24.5
San Juan
EU
40gm3
45
Montevideo
36.5
Sao Pablo
85.9
Monterrey
70.1
Guadalajara
57
Mexico City
39
Leon
Bogotá
PM10
59.2
49
Medellin
69.7
Cochabamba
30.2
La Paz
Santa Cruz
35.9
62.2
Lima
67
Santiago
39.5
San Salvador
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Concentration of PM10 (gm3)
80
90
100
REGIONAL MEAN AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF
PM2,5
35
30
25
31
27.5
28.7
28.7
29.5
28.5
27.2
24.8
24.3
21.6
22.5
20
WHO
20gm
3
PM2,5
15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Concentration of PM2,5 (gm3)
REGIONAL MEAN AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF
PM10
70
60
50
65.1
66
54.4
58.1
59.6
58.4 58.9
53
55.3
49.3
53
54
46.5
46.6
50.1
40
30
20
10
0
PM10
WHO
10gm3
ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF O3
Cochabamba
O3
62.4
44.1
Quito
36
Sao Pablo
55.2
Monterrey
69.3
Guadalajara
59.4
Mexico City
46.3
Juarez
68.9
Leon
21.1
Bogota
31.9
La Paz
28.8
Santiago
0
10
20
30
40
O3 Concentration (gm3)
50
60
70
80
REGIONAL MEANS ANNUAL AVERAGE
CONCENTRATION O3
54
52
O3
51.7
50.5
50
48
46
48.3
48.1
46.1
45.2
46
50.9
50
48
47.5
45.9
47.6
45.6
44.6
44
42
40
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
MAXIMUM ANNUAL AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM 8HOUR AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS FOR OZONE
RECORDED THREE CITIES – 2011.
300
270
250
Annual Average
200
Maximum 8hr
average
162
148
150
WHO
100gm
100
50
44
59
29
0
Quito
Mexico city
Santiago
MAXIMUM 8-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS AS
MONITORED
BY STATIONS ACROSS MEXICO CITY - 2011.
300
270
246
250
248
248
234
192
237
230
212
204
200
270
265
232
207
183
150
WHO
100gm
100
3
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11
Monitoring stations in Mexico city
12
13
14 Avg
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Countries in the region should adopt a harmonized set of standards (i.e. WHO
Air Quality Guidelines.
• All countries should adopt a PM2.5 standard for both health and climate
change assessments
• Activities to strengthen capacities in this area include:

Training and technical assistance.

Regional communities of practice on air quality standards, monitoring and air quality management good practices.

Further in-depth review of existing monitoring practices and recommendations.

Harmonization in measurement is also vital to ensure consistency in sampling periods, calculation
methods and comparable sampling techniques.

Identification of alternative funding mechanisms to support air quality monitoring network
implementation and operation, including analysis of good practices and successful cases.
RECOMENDATIONS
• Each country should improve accessibility to the data
and improve the visibility of the information they are
collecting.
• Highlight and disseminate good practice and
encourage capacity building in activities associated
with good air quality monitoring, such as efficient data
management, effective dissemination of air quality
data, successful public information dissemination, and
implementation of air quality indices to easily
communicate current pollution levels to the public and
sensitive populations
BROADER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REGION
• Setting local air quality goals based on National Air Quality Standards.
• Ensuring robust air quality monitoring to assess compliance against the goals
or standards.
• Establishing detailed emissions inventories to understand and quantify the
emission reductions needed from key sources to accomplish air quality goals.
• Implement strategies by Air Quality control and monitoring in Rural Areas and
research on Vegetation Air Pollution impacts.
• Definition of strategies to achieve emission reductions from identified sources,
such as sustainable urban transport interventions; industrial permitting,
enforcement and auditing; reduction in wood burning for domestic heating;
reduction in emission from energy production facilities.
•
·
·Implementation of an air quality management monitoring, reporting and
verification system.
• Integrate air quality issue in the LAC Environment Ministers
Forum about the issue of sustainable development 2030.
CONCLUSIONS
• Poor air quality is having serious impacts on health,
social welfare and economic development worldwide
and in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region.
• Air Quality Management planning is essential for
governments to build successful strategies for reducing
emissions and improving air quality.
• The Governments should also be considered a major
mechanism and opportunity to make real national
commitments to the UN Millennium Development
Goals; increase competitiveness and open up investment
opportunities for Air pollution .
I would like to thanks so much to Dr. Marina Frontaseyva from Dubná,
thanks for your interest in study our countries
Thanks so much to Dr. Rita Pla from Argentina for your colaboration to
prepare this work,
for
Dr. Grizel Perez from Cuba,
Dr. Jorge Cabrera from Guatemala
Thanks so much to the Professor Dr. Anna Kurbatovna from RUDN
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES AND
STANDARS
Pollutant
PM2,5
(gm3)
PM10
(gm3)
Ozone
(gm3)
Averaging
time
24hr
Annual
24hr
Annual 1hr
8hr
Annual
United States
35
15
150
--
--
147
--
European
Union
--
25
50
40
--
120
--
World Health
Organization
25
10
50
20
--
100
--
•
situation of air pollution
and water,
degradation of forests
and fisheries
or the effects of climate
change
access to drinking
water, sanitation
and housing
is less for the poor
The goals related to compliance
seventh objective seek to
incorporate the principles of
sustainable development in public
policies, reduce the loss of natural
resources and biodiversity, curb
pollution of the atmosphere,
increasing access to safe drinking
water and sanitation and reduce
the number of slum dwellers.