Transcript Task Force on water supply and extreme events

Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008119/04/2008.
WATER, CLIMATE CHANGE
AND HEALTH
R Aertgeerts
Regional adviser, water and sanitation
Co-secretary, Protocol on Water and Health
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008219/04/2008.
System adaptation to climate change
• A health system consists of
all organizations, people and
actions whose primary intent
is to promote, restore or
maintain health. This
includes efforts to influence
determinants of health, as
well as more direct health
improving activities.
• Health services provide a
buffer against the climate
variability and change.
• Emergency medical services
have a role in limiting excess
mortality.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008319/04/2008.
Agenda
• Impact of climate change on health systems,
and adaptation mechanism.
• Impact of climate change on the water and
sanitation sector, and adaptation
mechanisms.
• The Protocol as a tool to promote adaptation
through TFEW, TFIR, TFWRDS
• Conclusions.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008419/04/2008.
Health systems
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008519/04/2008.
Health outcomes of climate change
• Water-borne (ingested):
– Infectious diarrhoeal diseases
– Pollutant-related diseases
• Water-washed:
– Intestinal helminths,
– Eye and skin infections
• Vector-borne: malaria, dengue fever
• Water-based: Legionellosis
• Viral diseases ???
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008619/04/2008.
Basis for health sensitivity studies
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•
•
•
Health impacts from extreme events
Spatial studies
Temporal studies
Experimental laboratory and/or field
studies
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008719/04/2008.
Assessment of potential health impacts
• Limited local-specific changes
• Multiple, interacting and multicausal
outcomes make attributing outcome to
climate difficult
• Difficult generalising outcomes
• Limited inclusion of different development
scenarios in health projections
• Difficulty in identifying climate thresholds
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008819/04/2008.
Health system constraints
Constraint
Disease-specific
response
Health system
response
Financial access
Payment exemption
Pooled pre-paid
funds
Physical access
Outreach programs
Location planning
Competence low
Continued education
Licensing, curricula
Management
Skill training
Control and
accountability
Intersectoral action
National commitments
Local cross-sectoral
action
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 2008919/04/2008.
Health sector adaptation strategy
• Health action plans
• Emergency medical services
• Improved climate-sensitive disease
surveillance and control
• Safe water and improved sanitation
• Strengthened health services
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081019/04/2008.
Six building blocks
• Service delivery
• Trained health workforce
• Health information systems
• Access to essential medical products,
vaccines and technologies
• Adequate and sustainable financing
• Leadership and governance
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Conclusion on health systems
• Health systems are a key player in the
detection of health threats and in the
curative aspect of long-term health
outcomes, as well as in dealing with
emergency situation.
• The TFIR, the TFWDS, and the TFEWE
are important for the implementation of
the WHO programme on health systems
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081219/04/2008.
Water supply and sanitation, climate
change and extreme events
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081319/04/2008.
Regional impact Asia
• Decrease freshwater availability in C, S,
E and SE Asia
• Coastal and river flooding in S, E and
SE Asia
• Increase in endemic morbidity and
mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Regional impact Europe
• Magnified regional differences:
decrease in surface flow in S, increase
in N
• Reduced water availability in S: general
decrease in summer flow
• Glacier retreat in mountain areas
• Increased water stress in S Europe
• Polar regions: hydrogeological changes
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081519/04/2008.
Floods
• Global warming is projected to intensify
the hydrological cycle and increase the
occurrence and frequency of flood
events
• Health outcome: drowning, injuries,
contamination of resource waters,
outbreaks of infectious diseases.
• Stagnant pools favour vectors.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081619/04/2008.
Droughts
• Climate change has likely increased the
frequency and/or severity of droughts
• Health effects include deaths,
malnutrition, infectious disease and
respiratory disease.
• Extended drought reduces resistance to
vulnerable disease and population of
mosquito predators.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081719/04/2008.
Groundwater
• Changing quality due to changes in
surface water quality
• Accelerating hydrological permeability,
leading to quicker transport of pollutants
• Increased salinity, through seawater
intrusion
• Increased evapotranspiration
• Increased soil temperature.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20081819/04/2008.
Aquatic ecology
• Changes in self-purification of rivers due to
decreased oxygen content.
• More stable vertical stratification in deep
lakes affecting oxygen, nutrient cycling and
plankton
• Eutrophication, change in timing of algal
blooms and increase of harmful algal blooms
• Alterations to habitats and distribution of
aquatic organisms incl protozoan invaders
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20082019/04/2008.
Conclusion on water and sanitation
• Climate extremes cause both physical
and managerial stresses on water
supply systems, although well-managed
public water supply systems should be
able to cope with climate extremes.
• … well
managed?
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Economic vulnerability
Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20082119/04/2008.
Below, 20
GDP per capita (US$)
Above, 36
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
ROM
KAZ
BUL
MTG
ALB
AZE
ARM KOS
MDV
KYR
Countries with annual GDP per capita of less than 6,000 USD are
assumed to be at additional risk of diarrhoea.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20082219/04/2008.
Europe’s rural population in 2004
• EUR-A 24%
– 86 million
• EUR-B 44%
– 97 million
• EUR-C 30%
– 72 million
In rural areas, water scarcity is associated with
multiple adverse health outcomes, incl parasites,
vector borne diseases associated with faulty waterstorage systems, and malnutrition.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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(Lack of) access to
improved water supply
Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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• EUR-A:
– Universal house
connection
• EUR-B:
– 84% have house
connection, 95% of
urban and 66% of rural
areas
• EUR-C:
– 83% have house
connection, 92% of
urban and 56% of rural
areas
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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(Lack of) access to
improved sanitation
Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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• EUR-A
– 62 % have house
connection, 61% of urban
and 44% of rural areas
• EUR-B
– 71% have house
connection, 88% of urban
and 27% of rural areas
• EUR-C
– 67% have house
connection, 85% in urban
and 24% in rural areas
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Guidelines for drinking-water quality
• 1984 – 1987 First edition
• 1993 – 1997 Second
edition
• 2004 Third edition
• Thereafter ‘rolling revision’
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20082619/04/2008.
Need for more holistic approach
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Risk scoring matrix
Likelihood
Severity of consequences
Insignificant
Minor
Moderate
Major
Catastrophe
?
Certain
Likely
Moderate
Unlikely
?
Rare
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D O C U M E N TATI O N O F WS P
Description of water supply system
Supporting programs
Determine existing control measures
Assess and prioritize risks
Identify additional or improved control measures
Controlling hazards
Implement and maintain control measures
Establish operational monitoring
CONTINUOUS REVIEW
Identify hazards
Validation
Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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System assessment
Define corrective actions
Verification and auditing
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20082919/04/2008.
WSP and floods
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Floods
Infrastructure adaptation
Functionality assessment
Protection of sewerage systems
Protection of production units
Contingency plans for rehabilitation
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20083019/04/2008.
WSP and droughts
• Demand management to safeguard
drinking water supply
• Resource allocation on consensual river
basin management plan, but mandatory
allocation possible
• Increase reuse of treated wastewater
for irrigation and for aquifer recharge
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20083219/04/2008.
General adaptation issues
for the water sector
• Differentiate adaptation strategy by subregion
• Improve understanding of climate
change impact at the basin level
• Ensure that current legislation develops
to include climate adaptation measures
at the local, national and supranational
level.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20083319/04/2008.
Water sector adaptation strategies
1. Address the existing situation
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Ensure the fulfilment of the basic human
right to water for those who do not yet
have sustainable house connections to
drinking water and/or sanitation
Plan for increasing demand as lifestyles
change ( baths, washing machines…)
Protect the most vulnerable first
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20083419/04/2008.
Water adaptation strategies
2. Demand and supply management
– Inter-sectoral cooperation (agriculture) for
water resource conservation IWRM
– O&M optimization
– Safe storage
– Re-use of treated wastewater
– New techniques (desalination)
– Realistic pricing with social programmes
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20083519/04/2008.
Protocol on water and health
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20083619/04/2008.
Safeguard water supply and sanitation
• Joint and coordinated action
– Notification of threats of disease outbreak
• Cooperation on transboundary water
management
– Joint and coordinated water management plans
• International support for national action
– Project facilitation mechanism
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Safeguard water supply and sanitation
• TF on Indicators and Reporting
– Management, protection from pollution and
use of water resources for dw production
– Access to water supply and sanitation
– Performance of service provider (loss
reduction)
– Quality of drinking water supplied
– Safe reuse/disposal of treated
wastewater/sludge
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Strengthen health systems
• Task Force on water-related disease
surveillance
– Assess current surveillance systems
– Provide guidance on reduction of waterrelated diseases
– Assist in the development of contingency
plans
– Assist in strengthening response capacity
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
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Manage extreme events
• Task Force on indicators and reporting
– Discharges of untreated storm water
• Task Force on water supply and extreme
events
– Exchange information on management of water
and sanitation utilities under extreme drought/
flooding
– Codify good practice guidance documents in this
area
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20084019/04/2008.
Conclusion
• Climate change will pose considerable
challenges for the realisation of the
basic human right to safe drinkingwater, both in quantity and in quality.
• WHO through the Protocol on Water
and Health is in the forefront of
supporting adaptation efforts by its
Member States.
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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Task Force on Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply
Rome, 21 and 22 April 20084119/04/2008.
THANK
YOU
TFEW April 21 - 22, 2008
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