Transcript Topic 1.2.4 - Loreto High School

TOPIC 1.2.4
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
LESSON 1 - OBJECTIVES
• Understand the main function of the muscular
system.
• Learn about the main muscles in the human body
and the movement they cause.
Grade your Learning
C – Understand the different types of movements.
B – Know which muscles are responsible for each movement.
A – Can link the above to sporting actions and explain which
muscles are being used and the type of movement they are
creating.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• What is the function of the muscular system?
The muscular system allows us to move around and
get on with our everyday lives.
Task
Using the text book in front of you fill in the boxes on
pages 3 + 4 in you booklet. Make sure you write the
name of the muscle correctly as well as the
movement it allows.
TYPES OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS
• Isotonic Contractions
These contractions occur when there is movement of
the body. The ends of the muscles move closer
together to cause the movement.
• Isometric Contractions
This type of contraction takes place when the body is
being held in the same position. The length of the
muscle during these contractions stays the same
length.
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
• Flexion
This is when the angle at a joint is reduced.
• Extension
This is when the angle at a joint increases.
• Adduction
This is when the movement brings parts of the body back
towards the centre.
• Abduction
This is when parts of the body move away from the centre.
TASK
• Answer the questions next to each picture of pages
6 and 7.
• Name the type of contraction:
Isotonic
Isometric
• Name the movement seen and the muscle that
causes it:
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
HOMEWORK
• Complete the past exam questions on page 8.
LESSON 2 - OBJECTIVES
• Understand how muscles work.
• Learn about antagonistic pairs and understand how
these allow us to move.
Grade your Learning
C – Understand how antagonistic pairs work.
B – Know which muscles are responsible for each movement.
A – Can link the above to sporting actions and explain which
muscles are being used and the type of movement they are
creating.
STARTER
Re-cap from last week:
Answer the questions regarding kicking a football on
page 9 of your booklet.
HOW DO MUSCLES WORK?
• Muscles can only PULL they cannot push. This means
that they must work in pairs to allow parts of the
body to move back and forth.
THESE PAIRS ARE CALLED
ANTAGONISTIC
ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS
• A muscle must work in partnership with another muscle
to allow movement to occur.
• The muscle that causes the movement (the pulling
muscle) is called the AGONIST or PRIME MOVER. When
this muscle pulls in becomes shorter.
• During this time the other muscle within this partnership is
relaxing. This muscle is called the ANTAGONIST and is
lengthening while it relaxes.
EXAMPLE:
When we flex our elbow the bicep is the agonist and the
tricep is the antagonist. However these roles are reversed
when the elbow straightens with the tricep becoming the
agonist and the bicep becoming the antagonist.
ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS
• Give 3 examples of antagonistic pairs in the table of
page 10:
BICEPS
TRICEPS
HAMSTRINGS
QUADRICEPS
DELTOID
TRAPEZIUS
MUSCLES IN RELATION TO BONE
• Muscles are attached to bone by TENDONS.
• The tendons at the point of movement are called
the INSERTION and the ones at the point that does
not move are called the ORIGIN.
TASK
On page 11 are two diagrams. Label both diagrams
showing the agonist, antagonist, insertion and origin.
Agonist
Insertion
Origin
Antagonist
Antagonist
Insertion
Agonist
Origin
EXTENDED WRITING QUESTIONS
• Answer the questions on pages 12 + 13 explaining
the movements.
You must:
• Explain the muscles being used in each process
(e.g. lifting weight and lowering weight).
• The type of movement at the elbows (lifting weight)
and knees (set shot).
• Identify the agonist and antagonist.
• Identify the origin and insertion points.
HOMEWORK
• Complete the PAST EXAM question on page 14 of
your booklet.
LESSON 3 - OBJECTIVES
• Understand the three different classifications of muscles.
• Learn about the importance of good posture.
• Understand the different between slow and fast twitch
fibres.
• Understand about drugs that can effect an athletes
muscular system.
Grade your Learning
C – Understand the three different types of muscle within the
human body..
B – Understand fast and slow twitch fibres and can link these to
specific sports.
A – Can link your knowledge of drugs used within sport to explain
how these effect the muscular system.
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
• There are three types of muscles within the human
body. They are:
• Voluntary
• Involuntary
• Cardiac
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
• These are also known as skeletal muscles and are
the most common muscle type within our bodies.
• We can consciously control these muscles and
dictate their movement.
• These muscles are controlled by our brain and
messages are sent to them via our nervous system.
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
• These are also known as smooth muscles and are
not controlled.
• These muscles work automatically without us
thinking about it.
Can you think of examples of where this type of
muscle can be found within the human body?
• Stomach
• Intestines
• Blood Vessels
CARDIAC MUSCLE
• This type of muscle is also involuntary.
• It is only found in the heart and it never rests during
a persons lifetime.
GOOD POSTURE
GOOD POSTURE allows the following things to occur within the
body:
• When breathing there is more room for the lungs to expand
and operate.
• Allows the heart more space to function properly.
• Allows the digestive system space to work well and do its job.
• Helps a person bone alignment. This reduces strain placed on
bones, tendons and ligaments so by preventing injury.
• There is more energy available for exercise as the muscles do
not need to work as hard to keep the body stable.
• Increases a persons self esteem and makes them look
impressive to others.
FAST AND SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE
FIBRES
Fast Twitch
• These are used in events that require short bursts of
energy.
• They are used in sports that require more explosive
actions.
• These type of fibres contract fast and produce
powerful actions.
• However these types of fibres tire very quickly.
WHAT TYPE OF EXERCISE WOULD THESE FIBRES BE USED
IN?
FAST AND SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE
FIBRES
Slow Twitch
• These are used in events that are slow and prolonged.
• They are used in sports that require more endurance.
• These type of fibres contract over and over again and
stay efficient for long periods of time.
• These fibres have much better oxygen supplies which
allows them to keep going.
WHAT TYPE OF EXERCISE WOULD THESE FIBRES BE USED IN?
Complete the task at the bottom of page 17 in your booklet?
TASK
Complete the PAST EXAM question on page 18 of
your booklet.
EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE ON THE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Using the textbooks (pages 189 – 190) make notes
on the following headings on page 19:
• Diet
• Blood Doping
• Anabolic Steroids
• Narcotic Analgesics
• Peptide Hormones
HOMEWORK
• Using the information you have just gathered on
performance enhancing drugs, answer the
extended writing question on page 20 of your
booklets.
Guidance
• Make sure your answer is specific to the question.
• Link each drug to how it would effect an athlete in
the Tour de France.
LESSON 4 - OBJECTIVES
• Understand the short and long term effects exercise has
on our muscles.
• Learn about three types of injuries that you would
associate with muscles.
Grade your Learning
C – Understand how the muscles are effected by exercise.
B – Know and understand 3 injuries associated with
muscles and how you would treat them.
A – Can link the effects of exercise on the muscular system
to other systems within the body.
STARTER
Complete page 21 in your booklet
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
• Muscles start to work harder. Due to this there is an
increases in energy demands by the muscles so
more oxygen and glucose are required if they are
to continue contracting effectively.
• The working muscles produce heat. This means that
the body starts to warm up and eventually we
begin to sweat.
• Eventually the muscles start to tire and ache. This is
normally due to a lack of oxygen or glucose getting
to the muscles.
• During anaerobic activities lactic acid builds up in
the muscles causing pain and cramp.
HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
HELP?
The circulatory system helps the muscular system
massively during exercise. It does this by making the
heart beat quicker and shunting blood to the
muscles.
HOW DOES THIS HELP THEN?
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
Muscular Strength
• Muscular Hypertrophy – increase in muscle size.
• As you exercise your muscles become bigger and
stronger allowing you to do more powerful actions.
• Weight training is a common way to increase
muscle size and strength (high weight – low reps).
• When athletes get injured however they will lose
muscle size, this is called atrophy.
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
Muscular Endurance
• As you exercise more you muscles will develop
better endurance and will be able to with stand
prolonged exercise better.
• Muscles develop more capillaries around them so
that more oxygen can be delivered and used.
• Running, cycling and swimming (Continuous /
fartlek) can help develop muscular endurance as
well as circuit and weight training (low weight / high
reps).
• If an athlete is injured they will lose their endurance
(reversibility) as they are not using the muscles.
TASK
• Using the text books complete pages 23and 24 in
your booklets on STRAINS, SPRAINS and TENNIS
ELBOW.
Once you have finished the above task complete
page 25. For this you need to identify the type of
injury and explain how you know this.
R.I.C.E
• REST – stop participation in the activity and try and
take pressure of the injured area.
• ICE – place ice on the injured area to stop the
swelling and help the pain.
• COMPRESS – put a bandage around the injured
area for support it.
• ELEVATE – lift the injured part to restrict the blood
flow to the area and reduce the swelling.
HOMEWORK
Extended Writing Question
Explain how the circulatory and muscular systems
work together to help an athlete during exercise?
NOTE: Make sure you explain each point you make in
relation to helping the athlete.