Transcript history of health care

HISTORY OF HEALTH
CARE
Objective: to discuss the
advances in medicine from the
early beginning until the
present time.
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EARLY BEGINNINGS:
Primitive humans believed
disease caused by evil spirits
 tribal doctors/priest did exorcism
 4000 BC-3000 BC
 Boring a hole in the skull used to
treat
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insanity, epilepsy, headache
Average life span 20 yrs
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EARLY BEGINNINGS:
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Herbs and plants were used as
medicine:
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Digitalis from the foxglove, strengthen & slow
heartbeat
Quinine from bark of cinchona tree for fever,
muscle spasms
Belladonna & atropine from nightshade plant,
relieve muscle spasms
Morphine from opium poppy relieves severe
pain
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT
TIMES:

Egyptians –3000 BC-300 BC
first kept accurate records, used
medicines
 splinted fractures
 Physicians were priest who studied
medicine & surgery in the temple
 Used bloodletting and leeches
 Used magic & medicinal plants to treat
 Average life span was 20-30 yrs
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
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Ancient Chinese-1700 BC-220 AD
Religion prohibited body dissection
 Carefully monitored the pulse
 Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medicines
based on herbs
 Treated the whole body by curing
spirit & nourishing the body
 Began to search for the cause of disease
 Used acupuncture to relieve pain
 Average life span 20-30 yrs
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT
TIMES
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Ancient Greeks-1200 BC-200 BC
Biochemist Alcmaeon in 6th century BC
identified the brain as the site of senses
 Hippocrates (460-377 BC) called the
“Father of Medicine” for developing
organized method to observe human
body; recorded signs & symptoms of
diseases; created standard of ethics,
the oath used by physicians today
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
Aristotle (384-322 BC) dissected
animals & founded comparative
anatomy
 Used therapies such as massage, art
& herbal treatments still used today
 Stressed diet & cleanliness to
prevent disease
 Average life span 25-35 yrs
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT
TIMES:
 Ancient
Romans-753 BC-410 AD
 First
to organize medical care for
soldiers
 Began public health & sanitation
systems
•Created aqueducts for clean water
•Built sewers to carry waste away
•Used filtering systems in public baths
•Drained marshes to reduce malaria
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Medicine in
Ancient Rome:
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Claudius Galen- a physician, established
body regulated by four fluids & that
imbalance caused illness
Described symptoms of inflammation &
infectious diseases
 Dissected animals to determine muscle,
kidney and bladder function
 Diet, exercise, & meds used to treat disease
 Average life span 25-35 yrs
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MEDICINE IN
ANCIENT TIMES
Dark ages-400-800 AD emphasis
on saving soul & study of
medicine banned
 Monks & priest provided
custodial care for sick
 Prayer & divine intervention used
 Medications herbal mixes
 Average life span 20-30 yrs
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT
TIMES MIDDLE AGES:
Arab physicians used chemistry to
advance pharmacology
 Al-Razi, is known as Arab
Hippocrates:
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Distinguished between smallpox &
measles in 910 AD
 Suggested blood caused infectious
disease
 Began use of animal gut for suture
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT
TIMES,MIDDLE AGES
 Arabs
began physicians’ exams
& licenses
 Avenzoar, a physician, described
parasite causing scabies in 12th
century
 Average life span 20-35 yrs
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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT
TIMES
Middle ages-800-1400 A.D,
pandemic plague (worldwide
epidemic) killed
¾ of Europe & Asia’s population
 Physicians began study at Universities
 Renewed interest in Greek & Roman
medicine
 Major diseases were: smallpox, plague,
TB, Diphtheria, typhoid, & malaria
 Average age 25-35 yrs
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THE RENAISSANCE
1350-1650 A.D.
Universities & medical schools built
 Search for new ideas
 Body dissection for study accepted
 Printing press developed, access to
books
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THE RENAISSANCE
1350-1650 A.D.
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Artist Leonardo da Vinci used dissection
to draw realistic human bodies
Andreas Vesalius published
first anatomy book
Isaac Judaeus wrote first dietetics book
Michael Servetus (1511-1553: described
Circulatory system in lungs & explained how
digestion is a source of heat for the body
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THE RENAISSANCE
1350-1650 A.D.
Roger Bacon(1214-1294) promoted
chemical remedies to treat disease &
researched optics & refraction
 Average life span 30-40 yrs
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SIXTEENTH &
SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
William Harvey described
circulation of blood & pumping
of the heart
 Gabriele Fallopius discovered
fallopian tubes & tympanic
membrane in the ear
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
invented the microscope in 1666
 Bartolomeo Eustachio identified tube
leading from the ear to the throat
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SIXTEENTH &
SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
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Ambroise Pare (1510-1590)Father of
Modern Surgery:
Established use of ligatures to bind
arteries & stop bleeding
 Improved treatment of fractures&
promoted use of artificial limbs
 Apothecaries made, prescribes, & sold
medications
 Average life span 35-45 yrs
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THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
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Gabriel Fahrenheit created first
thermometer 1714
John Hunter established surgical
procedures
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Edward Jenner developed vaccination for
smallpox 1795
Joseph Priestley discovered
the element Oxygen1774
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NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH
CENTURIES
Ignaz Semmelweis found that hand
washing prevented infection
 Louis Pasteur discovered that
micro-organisms were
everywhere & invented
pasteurization for milk
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NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH
CENTURIES:
Joseph Lister first used antiseptic for
surgery to prevent wound infection
 Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis,a
method of keeping germs out of wounds
before & during surgery
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NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH
CENTURIES
Robert Koch, father of microbiology,
discovered many disease causing
organisms
 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered XRays in 1895
 Paul Ehrich discovered that
chemicals could treat diseases
 Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfa
drugs the first to kill bacteria
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NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH
CENTURIES
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Russian, Dmitri Ivanovski, discovered
viruses
Sigmund Freud discovered the
conscious & unconscious minds
Alexander Fleming found penicillin killed
bacteria
Jonas Salk discovered the dead polio
vaccine
Albert Sabin used the live polio virus
vaccine
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ADVANCEMENT IN
NURSING
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Florence Nightingale 1860
established school of nursing and
raised the standard of care for pts.
Clara Barton established the Red
Cross after her nursing experience in
American Civil War
Lillian Wald established nursing visits to
homes of patients, later to become
Visiting Nursing Service.
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Trends in Health Care:
Cost Containment
 Wellness
 Home Health Care
 Geriatric Care
 Telemedicine
 Complementary/alternative methods
 National Healthcare
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Complementary &
Alternative Therapies
Acupuncture..inserting needles at
specific points to balance the flow of
energy
 Aromatherapy..use of selected
fragrances to alter mood
 Biofeedback..teaching relaxation
methods to gain voluntary control
 Hydrotherapy..use of water to
improve healing process
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Advancements in
Healthcare
Possibility of eliminating disease
thru genetic research
 Organ transplantation
 Reattachment of severed body parts
 Computers in research,diagnosis,
record keeping
 Non-invasive diagnosis
 Caring for unborn fetus
 Geriatric medicine
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QUESTIONS IN
MEDICAL ETHICS
How will organ donors be chosen?
 Who will be allowed to receive
experimental drugs?
 How will in vitro embryos be
ethically managed?
 Does a terminally ill pt have a right
to die by assisted death?
 Is it ethical to maintain HIV status
confidentiality?
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WHAT IS YOUR PLACE IN THE
HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE?
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