Transcript Chapter 14: Lifestyle Diseases

Lifestyle Diseases
History and Lifestyle Diseases
 History: Infectious diseases used to be the
main cause of death in the United States.
 I.D. 60% of a all deaths in 1900
 1900 pneumonia, influenza,
tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis.
 Improved hygiene practices, better living
conditions, and medical advancements,
has slowed infectious disease.
History and Lifestyle Diseases
 1900s – heart disease and cancer were in
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the lower top ten in terms of death.
Since 1940s – heart disease and cancer
have increased
2000 – 1 and 2 causes of death
Why the increase?
How does this compare to other parts of
the world?
History and Lifestyle Diseases
 Today: The top causes of death in the
United States are lifestyle diseases.
What is a Lifestyle Disease?
 Lifestyle Diseases are diseases that are
caused partly by unhealthy behaviors
and/or by other factors such as
environment and/or genetics.
What Causes Lifestyle Diseases?
1. A person’s lifestyle (their habits,
behaviors, and practices)
2. Uncontrollable risk factors like age,
gender, and heredity.
3. It is important to understand the risk
factors that contribute to lifestyle
diseases because the behaviors you
choose right now can determine if you
develop a lifestyle disease later in life.
What Causes Lifestyle Diseases?
Controllable Risk Factors: Taking control of the
risk factors you can control may greatly reduce
your chances of developing a lifestyle disease.
4. Controllable risk factors include habits,
behaviors, and practices that you can control:
A. diet and body weight
B. Your daily levels of physical activity
C. Your level of sun exposure
D. Smoking and alcohol abuse
Diabetes Risk and Obesity
3
3
Relative Risk
2.5
1.73
2
1.5
1.1
1
Risk
1
0.5
0
<23
23-24.4
24.5-26.4
Body Mass Index
>26.4
Uncontrollable Risk Factors:
Age
 More older, tougher time protecting
against disease.
 Your chances increase as you age.
Gender
 Certain diseases are more common to
the different genders.
 Males are more likely to develop heart
disease.
 Females are more likely to develop
breast cancer.
Uncontrollable Risk Factors:
Ethnicity
 African Americans more likely to
develop high blood pressure.
 Mexican Americans have a higher risk
for diabetes.
Heredity
 Your genes may predispose you to a
certain disease. It does not mean you
will get the disease, but you may have
to work harder to prevent it.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) diseases and
disorders that result from progressive damage to the
heart and blood vessels.
 CVD is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
 Nearly all people who die from a CVD are over the
age of 40.
 Why does lifestyle matter?
 Lifestyle decisions that lead to being
overweight, high blood pressure, high
cholesterol, or diabetes increases your
chances of developing a cardiovascular
disease.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Stroke
2. High blood pressure or hypertension.
3. Heart Attack.
4. Atherosclerosis
5. Coronary artery disease
6. Heart arrythmias
7. Heart failure
8. Heart valve disease
9. Congenital heart disease
10. Heart muscle disease
11. Pericardial disease
12. Aorta Disease
STROKE
Stroke blood flow to the an area of the brain is
interrupted.
 Results in weakness or paralysis
 Cause blood clot in one of the arteries of the brain or
by a hole in one of the blood vessels that feed the brain.
 Symptoms of a stoke include:
 Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm,
or leg
 Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
 Sudden dizziness or loss of coordination
 Sudden, sever headache with no know cause
STROKE
STROKE
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
 “silent killer” because people do not know they
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suffer from it until they have a heart attack or
stroke.
Affect 1 in 4 Americans (source: AMA)
can damage the walls of blood vessels.
The heart is forced to work harder, causing the
heart to weaken.
can eventually damage the kidneys and eyes.
120/80 is considered high these days
<120/80 is considered normal
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) - Causes
 Not completely understood
 1. Obesity above 25% B.M.I. increases
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risk
2. Sodium intake
3. Genetics
4. lack of exercise
5. insulin issues
6. drug use
7. Age
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
2. Heart Attack damage and loss of function of an
area of the heart muscle.
 Due to blockage of coronary arteries – supply blood to
the heart
 Myocardial infarction
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart Attack
If a blood clot blocks a coronary artery, blood flow
is restricted and heart cells begin to die, the
result is a heart attack.
 Warning signs of a heart attack include:
1. Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, or
pain in the chest that last for more than
a few minutes.
2. Pain spreading to shoulder, neck, and
arms.
3. Light-headedness, sweating, nausea,
and shortness of breath.
Atherosclerosis
 Fatty deposits known as plaque build up
on the inside walls of arteries and interfere
with blood flow.
 “hardening” of arteries
 Plaques can reduce or stop blood flow to
certain parts of the body
 Plaques can break free and release clots
in the bloodstream, causing a heart attack
or stroke
Atherosclerosis
 Thrombus blood clot
 Embolus blood clot that breaks
off and travels to another part of the
body
 Pulmonary embolism
 Coumadin prescribed blood
thinner
Atherosclerosis - Causes
1. High cholesterol and
triglycerides
2. Hypertension
3. Tobacco smoke
Coronary Artery Disease
CA Disease - Treatments
1. Angioplasty
 balloon is guided to part of the
narrowing artery
 Balloon is inflated to compress
the fat and increase blood flow
CA Disease - Treatments
2. Stent
 small metal tube that acts as a scaffold
to provide support inside your coronary
artery
 Once in place, the stent expands to the
size of the artery and holds it open.
 Size of an ink pen spring; around 3,000/
piece
CA Disease - Treatments
3. Heart bypass
 blood vessels are used to
bypass blocked areas of
cardiac vessels
 Also called coronary artery
bypass graft (CABG)
CA Disease - Treatments
3. Heart bypass
 blood vessels can come from
your chest, legs, or arms
depending on location and size
of blockage
Heart Arrhythmia
 Irregular or Abnormal heartbeat
 Heart pumps less efficiently
 Normal Heart beats 60 – 100x per
minute; 100,000x each day
Heart Arrhythmia - Causes
1. Coronary artery disease.
2. Electrolyte imbalances in your blood
(such as sodium or potassium).
3. Changes in your heart muscle.
4. Injury from a heart attack.
5. Healing process after heart surgery
Heart Arrhythmia - Treatments
1. Medications
2. Lifestyle changes – stop smoking,
limit caffeine, etc.
3. Pacemaker send electrical
impulses to heart to maintain
stable heartrate
4. Surgery