Transcript Communicable and Chronic Diseases

Communicable and
Chronic Diseases
*Diseases that are spread from one person to the next
*Diseases that are “catching”
*Diseases that are caused by germs or pathogens
Examples of pathogens include: viruses,
bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms and fungi
Examples of common communicable diseases…
Cold
Flu
Mononucleosis
Pneumonia
STD’s
Hepatitis
HIV/AIDS
Communicable Diseases
 Communicable disease (infectious
disease):
 An illness caused by pathogens that can be
spread from one living thing to another.
 Pathogen:
 A germ that causes disease
 Ex. People develop “the flu” when
pathogens that cause influenza enter their
bodies.
Direct Contact: Exposure to infected body fluids such as blood
or saliva.
Vectors/Reservoirs: Germs are spread by an animal or insect,
usually through a bite
Airborne: Germs are spread through the air, for example
when someone coughs or sneezes.
Food and Water: Food and water can become
contaminated with germs and people can get sick when
they eat or drink them.
Indirect contact: Pathogens remain on surfaces that were in
contact with an infected person.
Immune System
 Removes harmful organisms from the
blood and combats pathogens
 Immune system is composed of body
organs, tissues, cells, and chemicals
 The skin is the first line of defense
 Perspiration and oils on the skin kill
pathogens
 Tears contain chemicals that kill pathogens
and prevent them from entering eyes
 Mucous and hairs that line the inside of nose
trap and destroy pathogens
Our Immune System
Immune system
 Lymphocytes: White blood cells that help
the body fight pathogens.
 B Cell: White blood cell produced antibodies.
 Antibody: Special protein that helps fight
infection.
 Helper T cell: White blood cell that signals B
cells to produce antibodies.
 Macrophage: White blood cell that surrounds
and destroys pathogens.
Communicable Diseases
 Bacteria
 Single-celled microorganisms
 More than a thousand types of bacteria
 Types of diseases caused by bacteria
 Syphilis
 Gonorrhea
 Strep throat
 TB (Tuberculosis)
 Tetanus
 Lyme disease
Strep Throat
Communicable Diseases
 Rickettsia
 Pathogens that grow inside living cells and
resemble bacteria
 Typhus
 Rocky Mountain spotted fever
 Protozoa
 Tiny, single-celled organisms that produce
toxins that cause disease
 Malaria
 African sleeping sickness
Communicable Diseases
 Viruses
 Is the smallest known pathogen
 Viruses spread rapidly
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Common Cold
Mumps
Hepatitis
Mononucleosis
Chickenpox
HIV
Rabies
Influenza
Communicable Diseases
 Fungi
 Single or multi-celled parasitic
organisms
 Fungi can live on skin, mucous
membranes, and lungs
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Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Jock itch
Nail infections
Thrush
Athlete’s Foot- Above
Oral Thrush- Below
Communicable Diseases
 Helminths
 A parasitic worm
 Caused by eating undercooked pork or fish
or from poor hygiene
 Tapeworms
 Pinworms
 Hookworms
The Spread of Pathogens
 All of these diseases can be spread
through direct contact
 Touching
 Sexual intercourse
 Receiving a transfusion
 Handling bodily fluids (Blood and Urine)
 Open sores
Infectious Respiratory
Diseases
 Five infectious respiratory diseases
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Common Cold
Influenza
Pneumonia
Strep Throat
Tuberculosis (TB)
Common Cold
 Viral Infection
 Transmission
 Coughs, sneezes, people can inhale the virus
 Become infected by shaking hands with an infected person
and then touch a mucous membrane (rub eyes, nose,
mouth)
 Symptoms
 Runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, sore throat, cough,
head ache, and can last 2-14 days
 Treatment
 Plenty of rest and fluids
 Over the count medicines
 Viral infection-Rhinovirus
Influenza
 Viral Infection
 Transmission
 From air through coughing and sneezing
 Enter body through mucous membranes (eyes, nose,
mouth)
 Spread Rapidly
 Symptoms
 Headaches, chills, sneezing, stuffy nose, sore throat, and
dry cough
 Treatment
 Rest and drink plenty of fluids
 Viral infection- Reye’s syndrome
•Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or
sneeze—throw the tissue away after you use it.
•Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after
you cough or sneeze. If you are not near water, use an alcoholbased hand cleaner.
•Stay away as much as you can from people who are sick.
•If you get the flu, stay home from work or school. If you are
sick, do not go near other people so that you don't make them sick
too. Do not return to school until your doctor says you can!
•Try not to touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Germs often
spread this way.
•Do not share drinks, food, lip gloss…..
•Caused by DIFFERENT Viruses (more than 200 for
the cold, only a few for the flu)
•The flu comes on more QUICKLY
•Some of the symptoms are different….
with the flu there is usually a high fever, aches
and chills
•The flu is more serious, and can be deadly
•There is a vaccine to prevent the flu
(seasonal and H1N1)
Pneumonia
 Viral infection
 Transmission
 Direct contact with a contaminated person or
object, untreated respiratory disease
 Symptoms
 Shortness of breathe, difficulty breathing and
coughing, chest pain, weakness, fever, and chills
 Treatment
 Antibiotics
an infection of the lungs, which can
be caused by a variety of
microorganisms, including viruses,
bacteria, and parasites.
•fever
•vomiting
•chills
•chest pain
•cough
•abdominal pain
•unusually rapid breathing
•breathing with grunting or
•decreased activity
wheezing sounds
•labored breathing
Treatments :
antibiotics(bacterial)
Prevention: vaccine
antiviral medications
* don’t share food or drink, or be
bed rest
around sick people
Infectious mononucleosis is sometimes called "mono"
or "the kissing disease“. It is an infection usually
caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
•Not everyone who is exposed to EBV
gets sick
•Once you have it, you will carry the
virus for the rest of your life,
although you probably will not get
sick from it again!
•constant fatigue
•fever
•sore throat
•loss of appetite
•swollen lymph nodes
headaches
•sore muscles
•larger-than-normal liver
or spleen
•skin rash
•abdominal pain
•Kissing someone who has it
•Sharing food, drink, utensils,
toothbrushes
No cure…bed rest, fever reducing
medications, treat other symptoms,
people usually get better in 3-4 weeks
Strep Throat
 Bacterial Infection
 Transmission
 Coughing, sneezing, and close contact with an
infected person
 Symptoms
 Fever and sever sore throat
 Treatment
 Antibiotics, rest, and drink plenty of fluids
Tuberculosis
 Viral Infection
 Transmission
 Air, through coughing and sneezing of an
infected person
 Symptoms
 Extreme tiredness coughing, nights sweats, lose
of appetite, weight loss, low-grade fever, chills,
bloody sputum, shortness of breath, and chest
pain
 Treatment
 Antibiotics and supportive care
Asthma
 Noncommunicable disease
 Symptoms
 Coughing, wheezing, and shortness of
breath
 Asthma attack
 An episode of coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath and tightness in the
chest experienced by a person who has
asthma
Immunizations For Adults
 Adults need to receive…
 Tetanus (Every ten years)
 College students living in dorms are advised
to be immunized for meningococcal disease
(Meningitis)
 Pregnant women should not receive MMR
and varicella vaccinations until after delivery
because could lead to birth defects
Immunization
Recommendations
All children should be immunized
against..
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Hepatitis B
Diphtheris
Tetanus
Perussis (whopping
cough)
 Polio
 Measles
 Mumps
 Rubella (German
Measles)
 Varicella
(Chickenpox)
 Pneumococcal
pneumonia
Allergies
 Allergy
 An overreaction of the body to a substance, that in
most people causes no response
 Airborne Allergens
 Animal dander, feathers, pollens, and mites
 Animal dander
 Flakes of dead skin from an animal
 Hay Fever
 A common term for seasonal respiratory allergies
that typically occur in the spring and fall
Allergy Tests
 Skin patch test
 Involves putting allergens on a parch, taping
the patch to the skin, and observing the
reaction
 Blood tests
 Can be done in a variety of ways (finger
prick, taking blood)
Cardiovascular Disease
 Angina Pectoris
 Chest pain that results form narrowed coronary
arteries
 Nitroglycerin
 A drug that widens the coronary arteries, allowing
more oxygen to get to the cardiac muscle
 Congestive Heart Failure
 A condition that occurs when the heart’s pumping
ability is below normal capacity and fluid
accumulates in the lungs and other areas of the
body
Cardiovascular Disease
 Coronary Heart Disease
 A disease in which the coronary arteries are
narrowed or blocked
 Coronary artery
 A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
muscles
 Plaque
 Hardened deposits of fat and other materials in
the walls of arteries throughout the body
Cardiovascular Disease
 Arteriosclerosis
 Hardening and thickening of the arteries
 Atherosclerosis
 A disease in which fat deposits collect on
artery walls
Cardiovascular Diseases
 Heart Rhythm Abnormalities
 Arrhythmia
 Heart condition in which the heart may beat very
slowly or very fast for no obvious reason
 Pacemaker
 A device that is implanted in the heart to
stimulate normal heart contractions
 Heart Attack
 The death of cardiac muscle caused by a
lack of blood flow to the heart
Cardiovascular Diseases
 Rheumatic fever
 An autoimmune
action in the heart
that can cause fever,
weakness, and
damage to the valves
in the heart
 Rheumatic Heart
Disease
 Permanent heart
damage that results
from rheumatic fever
 Stroke
(Cerebrovascular
Accident)
 A condition caused by
a blocked or broken
blood vessel in the
brain
 Aneurysm
 Weakened area of a
blood vessel
Reducing Your Risk
 Maintain a healthy blood cholesterol level
 Cholesterol
 A fat-like substance made by the body and found in certain
foods
 Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
 Substances in the blood that carry cholesterol to body cells
 High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
 Substances in the blood that carry cholesterol to the liver
for breakdown and excretion
 The higher the HDL level, the lower the risk of heart
disease
 Saturated Fat
 A type of fat from dairy products, solid vegetable fat, and
meat and poultry
Reducing Your Risk
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Avoid tobacco products
Maintain healthful blood pressure
Maintain a healthful body weight
Participate in regular physical activity
Manage stress
Diabetes
 Type I diabetes
 The body produces little or no insulin
 Insulin is a hormone that regulates the blood
sugar level
 If the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
enough insulin, a person develops diabetes
 Appears most often in children and young adults
 People with Type I need daily injections of insulin
to stay alive
Diabetes
 Type II diabetes
 The body produces insulin but cannot be used by
cells
 About 90-95% of people who have diabetes have
Type II
 Most frequently strike people 50-60 years old
 Symptoms include: Feeling tired, frequent urination,
unusual thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent
infections , and slow healing of sores
 About 80% of people with Type II are over weight
Diabetes
 Gestational Diabetes
 Occurs in some females during pregnancy
 Insulin is produced, but the body does not
respond to it
 Usually treated with diet, but not with oral
medications because it could hurt the baby
 Usually goes away after the baby is born
Some Common STD’s/STIs
Bacterial (curable)
 Chlamydia
 Gonorrhea
 Syphilis
 Bacterial vaginosis
 Trichomoniasis,
protozoa*
Viral (incurable)
 HIV
 Herpes
 Genital Warts (HPV)
 Hepatitis B
 Molluscum
Contagiosum
Review
 Discussion
 Study for test for tomorrow