Heart & Blood Vessels
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Transcript Heart & Blood Vessels
Blood
Functions of Blood
Transports: oxygen from the lungs to parts
of the body, Carbon dioxide from body to
lungs
Carries nutrients, ions and water from the
digestive tract to all cells of the body
Regulates body temperature, pH
Protection – clotting, immunity
The Blood
Blood cell type
Blood cells make up
about 45% of blood
55% is plasma
8% of body weight is
blood
5-6 litters for humans
How blood cells are formedHematopoiesis
They’re produced in red bone marrow
They develop from undifferentiated
mesenchyma cells, called stem cells or
hematocytoblasts.
Components of blood
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBC)
Thrombocytes – platelets – fragments with
clotting, Disk shaped, no nucleus, Lives 5
to 9 days
Plasma – 55%, liquid, contains dissolved
substances
Anatomy of Erythrocytes
.
Erythrocytes-red blood cells that are biconcave. It
contains hemoglobin (280 million molecules) ( Hemetakes oxygen to the cell) ( Globin- takes carbon dioxide
from the cell)
Non iron – converted to bilirubin – yellow, jaundice
Red pigment lasts 120 days, Erythropoiesis
Leukocytes-white blood cells
Granular
Eosinophils- combat irritants such as:
pollen, or cat hair, antihistamine
Basophils- involved in allergic reactions,
they release heparin, histamine, and
serotonin.
Neutrophils-most common, move into
tissues where they phagocytize foreign
substances, and secrete the enzyme
lysozyme which destroys bacteria
Leukocytes-white blood cells
Agranular
Lymphocytes – T and B (antibodies)
Monocytes – Macrophage breakdown
Plasma
Albumins – 58 %, proteins maintain water
balance between blood and tissue
Globulins -38%, (antibodies)
Fibrogen – 4% blood clotting
Clotting Mechanism - Thrombosis
Damage to blood vessel contracts, vascular spasm
The roughened surface causes platelets to clump
together and stick to surface
Prothrombin, a plasma protein, is converted into
thrombin.
Soluble fibrinogen converts into insoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms long threads that act like a fish
net. The fibrin tightens (syneresis)
Serum – clear yellowish liquid after clot forms
Blood Types
Allele from
Parent 1
Allele from
Parent 2
Genotype of
offspring
Blood types of
offspring
A
A
AA
A
A
B
AB*
AB
A
O
AO
A
B
A
AB*
AB
B
B
BB
B
B
O
BO
B
O
O
OO
O
The different Blood Groups
Type A
Only A
Antigen A
Antibody B
Type B
Only B
Antigen B
Antibody A
Type AB
Both A&B
Antigen
A&B
None
Type O
Neither A
or B
None
Both
Antibodies
Principles of the ABO Blood group
compatibility
The ABO blood group consists of those
individuals who have the presence or absence of
two major antigens. The RBC membrane,
Antigen A and Antigen B.
Agglutination – reaction between antigen and
antibody, causing clumping of RBC’s
Type O blood – universal donor, no antigens
Type AB – universal recipient
RH – (+ or -), Protein identified in Rhesus
monkey, Erythroblastosis fetalis – hemolytic
disease
The HEART -thoracic Cavity
Between lungs,
obliquely with most to
the left side, cone
shaped, closed fist,
inside pericardial sac
Cardiology – study of
the heart
Layers of the Heart Wall
Heart Wall Layers
Pericardium – parietal part
around heart
Epicardium-visceral part, thinserous tissue, on heart surface
Myocardium-cardiac muscle,
intercalated disc, gap junctions
Endocardium- endothelium,
inner most lining
The Chambers and valves
Atria - Upper chambers of the heart ,Divided
into left atrium & right atrium, Separated by
the interatrial septum, both have thin,
flexible walls
Ventricles - Lower chambers of the heart,
Separated by the interventricular septum,
more muscle, greater pumping power
needed
Valves – prevent back flow.
Flow of blood through heart
Vena cava
R. Atrium
Tricuspid valve
R. Ventricle
Pulmonary Semi
lunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Septum
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
L. Atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
L. Ventricle
Aortic semi lunar
Conduction System – stimulates
contraction
Sinoatrial (SA) node – “pacemaker” starts
& sets heart rate (modified by autonomic
system) Impulse spreads over atria
causing contraction. Depolarize the
atrioventricular (AV) node. Bundle of His
runs in interventricular septum & around
ventricle (bundle branch) to Purkinje fibers
that contract ventricles.
Cardiac Cycle – 1 heart beat
Systole-contract: top
number in B.P.
– 1 second
Artia contract
Ventricle relax
“Lub” cuspid (AV)
valves
Diastole-Relax:
bottom number in B.P.
– 4 seconds
Heart relaxes
– 3 seconds
Artia relax
Ventricle contact
“Dub” semiHeart
lunarrate
valve
average : 72 beats/minute
Average blood pressure 120 / 80 using Sphygmomanometer
Other terms
Electrocardiogram – electrical changes
that accompany the heart beat
Fibrillation – disturb action potential on
heart, cessation of an effective heartbeat
Stroke volume – amount of blood ejected
by the left ventricle
Cardiac output – Stroke volume (70 ml
aver.) X Pulse (beats per minute)
BLOOD VESSELS:
Vein, Artery, & Capillary
Artery/Arterioles
– Thicker, stronger (more muscle), 3 coats around
hollow center (lumen), Elasticity, Contractility
Capillary
– 1 cell thick, microscopic, diffusion, pass single file
Vein/Venules
– Less tissue (tunica media), 3 coats, walls of smallest
do not contain smooth muscle, valves, blood to heart
Histology of vessels
Major Vessels
Superior (anterior) Vena Cava – blood into
R. atrium from head / arms
Inferior (posterior) Vena Cava – blood into
R. atrium from body / legs
Great saphenous vein – longest vein, legs
Coronary sinus – blood from heart
Coronary arteries – blood supply to heart
Ascending aorta - to body
Major Blood Circulatory Routes
Systemic-L. Ventricle-Aorta-Arteries-ArteriolesCapillaries-Venules-Veins-Vena Cava
Coronary-myocardium of heart
Hepatic-liver intestines
Pulmonary-R. Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery (blue)Lungs-Pulmonary Vein (red) -L. Atrium
Cerebral-brain
Fetal- temporary route between fetus & mother
Other vessels terms
Vasoconstriction – muscle constriction, decrease
lumen size
Vasodilatation – increase lumen size
Normal blood volume – 5 Liters
Pulse – expansion and recoil of an artery with
each contraction
Venous return – pumping action of heart /
velocity of blood flow (peripheral resistance),
skeletal muscle contractions, valves, breathing
Conditions / disorders of blood
Hemophilia – inherited expression on X chromosome,
lack clotting factors
Leukemia – cancer of white blood cells
Hemolytic anemia – RBC rupture faster than normal rate
Iron defiency anemia – excessive iron loss; lower RBC
production
Septicemia – blood poisoning
Embolism – clot lodge in a vessel, obstructing blood flow
Mononucleosis – Epstein – Barr virus; sore throat, lymph
nodes swollen
Conditions / disorders of heart and
vessels
Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium
Congenital heart – heart not developed
properly at birth
Rheumatic heart – untreated strep
infection
Heart failure – weakening of myocardium,
failure to pump blood
Coronary artery – reduced blood flow in
arteries to myocardium
Conditions / disorders of heart and
vessels con’t
Angina pectoris – pain in chest, left arm
and shoulder (reduced blood flow)
Infarction – death due to interrupted
blood flow (myocardium – heart attack)
Atherosclerosis – plaque (cholesterol)
masses inside of arterial wall
Hypertension – high blood pressure
Varicose vein / hemorrhoids – leaky valves
over stretched vein walls.