Transcript Final final review part deux

Final final review part three
• The blood vessels and nerves of the skin are
located in this layer
• What is the hypodermis?
• This procedure is used to cover traumatically
damaged skin
• What is skin grafting?
• The growth layer of the epidermis
• The basal or germinative layer (stratum
germinativum)
• The dead and shedding layer of the skin
• The corny layer or stratum corneum
• These provide the oil of your skin
• Sebaceous glands
These structures cool your skin down and you’ll
need to bathe from them
• Sudoriferous glands
• This cranial nerve dilates and constricts the
arteries of your skin
• The vagus nerve (carries sympathetic and
parasympathetic fibers along this cranial nerve
all over the body) Makes you blush, gives you
HBP, and helps you digest food when you are
relaxed
• Five senses associated with the skin
• Hot, cold, light touch, deep presssure, and
vibration
• The pigment of your skin is this and it darkens
in sunlight (tans)
• Melanin
• This vitamin is stored in the skin because it is
activated by sunlight
• Vitamin D for strong bones; it makes calcium
stay in your bones and teeth
• Why babies sometimes get sunlamps
• Their underdeveloped livers at birth cause the
accumulation of a chemical called bilirubin
from hemoglobin breakdown when RBC’s die.
This is called jaundice and sunlight breaks the
yellow bilirubin down so its not yellow
• A cyanotic baby might be due to this event
• Their foramen ovale remaining open so
venous and arterial blood are mixing across
the atrial septum detouring the lungs.
• From now on you know a blister is known as
__________if its small and __________if its
large
• Vesicle=small blister while a bleb or
bulla=large blister
• Athlete’s foot is caused by _________while
warts and cold sores are caused by _______
• Fungi vs. virus’
• A bacterial infection usually in children in day
care centers
• Impetigo (caused by strep!)
• The fear associated with young people having
a streptococcus infection
• What is heart damage associated with strep
causing rheumatic fever!!!!!
• Pruritic, maculopapular, scaly, non contagious,
usually on knees and elbows
• psoriasis
• Flat topped lesion
• Papule (nipple like)
• Good news from a biopsy of a skin cancer
• Basal cell CA (low risk of metastasis, as long as
you don’t ignore it)
• Three ways to kill a fungus
• Dryness (baby powder). It is a plant, after all.
Sunlight kills this plant however but could you
really sit under a sunlamp where you have a
fungus?
• These explain why your hair gets oily
• Sebaceous glands empty their sebum (oil) into
your skin
• Five ways to treat acne
• Wash face and hair at least daily
• Use benzoyl peroxide (astringent) to dry the oils in your
skin
• Rx for antibiotics (they can be infected pustles
sometimes)
• Grown up (teenage hormones increase sebum
production therefore, zits!)
• Never pop a zit for it will reappear as an icepick scar as
you age and your skin stretches them open
• Avoid certain foods like chocolate (yeah, right) and
iodine containing shellfish and fried foods
• Your vagus nerve has sympathetic fibers that
constrict the arteries of your body. What is the
effect of this on your blood pressure?
• Hypertension; you knew that; sympathetic
nervous system constricts vessels and gives
you tachycardia to “fight or flight” response
• Patients who are amelonotic used to be called
this
• Albino (no sun protection, can’t tan; no skin
pigment)
• A freckle is an example of this
• A macule
• When a pustule erupts, the lesion is described
as this
• Having a “crust”
• The solution severe burn victims must be
bathed for months in to keep their remaining
dermis/hypodermis alive
• What is “saline” or 0.9% sterile sodium
chloride solution (the same as your body
fluids) and also at your temperature (98.6)
• Where one’s pleasure centers are located in
the brain and are probably associated with
addictions
• Hypothalamus of the diencephalon
• Only this type of CVA responds to TPA
• Ischemic type
• A craniotomy is in order for this CVA
• Hemorrhagic CVA
• You are paralyzed on one size of the body only
• Bell’s palsy
• hemiplegia
• Complete loss of muscle function on one side
of your face is this disease
• Bell’s palsy (facial branch of the trigeminal
nerve)
• Mainly males, paralysis, death by 20
• Muscular dystrophy
• Females mainly and demyelenating, might be
terminal
• Multiple sclerosis
• The police test this part of your brain if they
suspect you are not in control of your vehicle
• Cerebellum
• If the sutures of the cranium aren’t open in a
neonate, this condition might ensue
• Microcephaly (tiny headed ) baby will
probably have brain growth damage (CP)
• The EKG shows erratic, static like brain waves;
what is the patient experiencing?
• Epileptic seizure
• Fixed, non moving spasm
• tetanic
• Reciprocating spasm
• clonic
• Single, jerk of a muscle
• A tic or twitch
• Wormlike waves of of spastic contractions
• athetosis
• Chick pox rewakened
• Shingles
• Partial, possibly temporary paralysis
• paresis
• Permanent malfunction of muscles due to
brain damage
• Cerebral palsy
• Childhood schizophrenia
• autism
• Cortisone steroids are the universal treatment
for this group of disorders
• Autoimmune diseases
• Three side effects of cortisone
• High blood pressure due to water retention
• Elevated blood sugar levels (beware of
diabetics)
• Easier to get infected due to
immunosuppressive effect
• Slow to heal wounds for the same reason
• Drug to alleviate water retention
• diuretic
• Drug to make you throw up
• emetic
• Drug to make you poop
• laxative
• Drug to kill the pain
• analgesic
• Drug to numb the pain
• anesthetic
• Drug to kill bacterial life forms
• antibiotic
• Drug to reduce clotting
• Blood thinner (ASA or plavix)
• Drug to stop excessive pooping
• Anti-diarrheal
• The minimun portion of brain needed to have
vital signs
• The medulla oblongata
• Joins the right and left hemispheres together
• The corpus callosum
• The line on the brain surface that separates
the temporal and frontal lobes
• Sylvian fissure
• Where most medications interrupt neural
transmission and thereby are beneficial
• By blocking up the receptor sites of the
dendrites so neurotransmitters don’t cause
things like acid stomach and allergic reactions
(prilosec and claritin)
• The elbow
• The olecranon
• The socket of the hip
• The acetabulum
• Traumatic cervical sprain
• whiplash
• Why a shot of penicillin won’t help your
meningitis
• Blood brain barrier
• These accelerate the conduction of impulses
along myelinated nerves
• The nodes of ranvier
• In systole (the ventricles are contracting) these
valves are open and these are closed
• The semilunar valves must be open to allow
the exiting blood to go out the aorta and
pulmonary artery. The AV (bicuspid and mitral
Valves) must be closed or blood will
regurgitate back up to the atria and you’re
dead!
• For an arrhythmia you might need this type of
care
• Surgical implantation of an electronic
pacemaker to prevent you from missing any
beats and either fainting or dying
• The part of the circulatory system in which
blood must be flowing the slowest
• What is the capillary? Millions of them and
they don’t have any blood pressure left so
oxygen can diffuse gently across the thin
capillary lining
• Name five pulses in your body
• Carotid (in the neck to supply the brain)
• Brachial (in the upper arms) you use for taking
blood pressures
• Radial pulse (wrist artery from the brachial for
taking your pulse)
• Femoral ( in the groin) supplies the legs and is
used for heart catheterizations)
• Aortic pulse (you doctor palpates in your belly
to determine if you have an aneurysm)
• If a heart attack causes your P wave to
disappear, where was the heart attack?
• In the atrium because the P wave is from your
atria contracting
• If the atrium on the right is contracted, what
might your heart rate now be?
• Bradycardiac due to possible loss of the SA
node. Now the AV node takes over and it only
causes 40-60 bpm
• Your QRS wave is gone on your EKG; where
was your heart attack?
• The ventricles; good heart rate but poor blood
pressure since the powerful ventricle can’t
push blood very well if they died
• Plasma that’s left alone
• serum
• Too many white blood cells due to cancer of
the bone marrow but they have no antibodies
so victims very susceptible to infections and
have no room in their blood for RBCs so they
can’t breathe and are cyanotic
• Leukemia! Need RBC transfusions, oxygen
tanks, lots of antibiotics, sterile environment,
• Marrow transplants!!! Please donate blood to
keep them alive
• To make up for the fact that veins don’t have a
lot of blood pressure to move their blood,
nature gave them this added feature to move
the blood along better
• Valves!
• Two clotting factors you must have in your
thrombocytes
• Prothrombin and fibrinogen
• Four methods of treating phlebitis
• Blood thinners (ASA), elevation, compression,
exercise
• Three effects of histamine
• Vasodilation of arteries (therefore, erythema
of the skin; you look pink and fluids seep out
of your blood giving you swollen, runny
mucous nasal membranes) and chest
congestion, and the warmth of your blood is
easily released from the dilated vessels so you
feel warm and shiver as a result of the loss of
heat.
• Four signs of inflammation
• Edema, hyperthermia, dolor (pain), erythema
• And if an allergic inflammation, add on pruritis
(itching)
• Four types of anemia
• Iron deficiency (usually girls and vegetarians who
don’t eat spinach)
• Sickle cell (flattened RBCS, African heritage, cells
clump causing CVA’s and Mis in teens under
physical stress
• Pernicious anemia (in the elderly due to inability
to absorb Vit B12 in the stomach from age and
RBCs don’t mature
• Aplastic anemia; carcinoma of the marrow(fatal)
• Stretched artery vs. a narrowed artery; name
both
• Aneurysm vs. stenosis (often a stenosis of
arteriosclerosis is distal to a developing
aneurysm
• The motion you do when you take a bow
• Flex the hip
• You are dancing the twist, at the waist/ What
plane are you twisting in?
• The transverse
• You’re dancing en pointe. What position is
your ankle in?
• Flexed (bringing two ventral surfaces together
and they are in the back in the lower leg)
• The only artery with venous blood
• Pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, to
the lungs
• Two acids causing the “burn” when muscles
exercise
• Lactic from carbohydrate metabolism and
carbonic from CO2 buildup from burning O2
• The site of protein manufacture in the cell and
the site of carbohydrate manufacture
• Endoplasmic reticulum for proteins and Golgi
apparatus for carbohydrates
• The stages of mitosis
• PMAT
• The chemical we store energy in from
mitochondrial activity
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• Four ways to treat hypertension yourself
• Lose weight
• Stop eating salt (retains water, increases your
blood volume)
• Relax (do yoga, meditate)
• Exercise
• Eat low fat foods and don’t fry food, steam it
or grill it
• Fresh fruits and vegetables
• Cells with antibodies
• Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
• What has to happen for clotting to start
• You must break a thrombocyte to release
clotting factors for the clotting sequence to
start
• A new infection would show up on your CBC
as this
• Elevated neutrophiles
• A piece of a thrombus
• An embolus
• The type of wound a scraped knee is
• An abrasion
• A punctured thorax can cause this condition
• Atelectasis (a collapsed lung due to
pneumothorax (air in the thorax) or
hemothorax (blood in the thorax). Need a
chest tube to suck either out so the lung can
inflate
• THE END (WHEW!)