Transcript Ancient Middle East - RoshanVarghese

WarmUp #2
► 1.
Using the text on pgs. 24, 25 & 32,
analyze the map, read the paragraph
relating to the map & answer the respective
questions.
► 2. Begin reading pg. 33:
“Mesopotamia & Sumer”
The Ancient Middle East
Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia means “the land
between the rivers” in Greek
 valley between the Tigris &
Euphrates Rivers
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Fertile Crescent: fertile land
between Mediterranean Sea &
the Persian Gulf
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silt: deposited by two rivers each
year when the rivers flooded;
helped farming
farmers learned to control the
flooding & civilization started to
flourish in Mesopotamia
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The Cradle of Civilization
The Fertile Crescent:“Crossroads of the World”
-connected Europe, Asia & Africa
-flooding was unpredictable: miserable outlook on life
First Civilization~ The Sumerians~
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about 4500 BC: present day
Iraq
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began building city-states:
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early city-states:
cities & surrounding
countryside that worked
together for mutual defense &
had their own government
 Ur, Erech & Kish
Religion in Sumerian city-states
► polytheism:
belief in many gods
 nature was controlled by gods (floods, harvests etc)
 prevailing thought that gods were like people:
►ate,
drank, fell in love, married, fought, etc.
 made offerings to them through priests/priestesses
► each
city-state worshipped their own gods
► ziggurat:
pyramid on top of temple
Government
theocracy: a government
ruled by divine authority
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The ruler’s/government’s
job was to maintain city
walls, irrigation systems,
lead army, enforce laws,
collect taxes & keep
records.
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Kings were the gods’
representatives on Earth.
Tower of Babel?!?
Ziggurats
Writing
► Sumer:
developed the first
writing system
 cuneiform: wedge shaped
writing done with a stylus
 Used for business purposes, to
record religious rites, tax records
► clay
tablets & clay envelopes
► scribes: writers
► Epic
of Gilgamesh: Sumerian
literature about a legendary
king
The Epic of Gilgamesh
► Read
the excerpt on pg. 38 & answer the 2
questions.
► Create
a visual cartoon, with a different box
for each step of his journey…
 i.e. a graphic novel
Sumerian Technology
► first
to invent the
wheel
► sails for boats
► war chariots
► irrigation systems
► 12-month calendar
► plow
► bricks made of sun
► arches, columns,
baked clay
ramps & inclined walks
► math based on 60
► sewers
 second
► buildings made of mud
 minute
 360-degrees
Fertile Crescent: Map Analysis
► Analyze
the maps on “Conquering the
Fertile Crescent” on pg. 40-41 & answer the
2 questions.
Invaders
► Sumerian
city-states were on flat plains,
easily invaded by warrior societies
 ceased to exist about 1750 BC
-constant warfare
-invaded & taken over
► Sargon:
leader of the Akkadians from the
North, invades & sets up the world’s first
empire
The Akkadians: First Empire
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empire: consists of many
nations & people
 easy to build; hard to maintain
►
2330 BC: Sargon founds the
first empire!
 borrows many things from
Sumeria because of cultural
diffusion
 lasts for 140 years before falling
to eastern tribes
►
1792 BC: Hammurabi sets up
empire in Babylon & gains
control of Sumer & Akkad
Babylonians
Code of Hammurabi:
•282 laws carved in stone
•public display
•very harsh as punishment fit
the crime
•“eye for an eye”
Laws- based on social status
----first written set of LAWS
Society:
-patriarchal = men controlled
-women had few rights
-arranged marriages
-Sumerian culture/language/cuneiform: still being taught
Invaded:
1600 BC: Babylon fell to the Hittites
-iron stronger than bronze
Indo-Europeans
► group
of people who speak a language from
one mother tongue
 Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Persian, Germanic
languages
► Hittites:
group of Indo-Europeans
 used iron weapons
 brought them to Mesopotamia
 destroyed ~1200 BC by sea peoples
Assyrians
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militaristic: tortured, beheaded (skinned?) prisoners
deported troublesome people to outer edges of region
built capital at Nineveh: 1st library
King Assurbanipal builds the world’s first library with
22,000 clay tablets
used iron weapons: empire by 700 BC
very efficient communications
very ruthless people: no mercy on captured peoples
practiced forced assimilation: forcing people to give up
their identity and become like the conquerors
finally overthrown by Medes (Iran) & Chaldeans
Assyrians
The Chaldeans (a short-lived Empire)
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612BC: people deported by Assyrians attacked & destroyed Nineveh
► Chaldeans
 Babylon becomes capital AGAIN
 math & astronomy to use for astrology
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King Nebuchadnezzar
 rebuilt Babylon
 Hanging Gardens for wife
 fights Egyptians & Jews
 captures Jerusalem
deports & enslaves Jews to Babylon
► King Solomon’s Temple destroyed
►
Persians conquered Babylon from the east!
Phoenicians
Phoenicia
► Phoenicia
 present-day Lebanon
► traders
not fighters
 major ports
 controlled by several
empires
► carriers
of civilization
 alphabet: 22 letters
LYDIA
► first to use coined $$$
► barter system scraped
 both had to have
something the other
wanted
 coins could be stored &
saved: livestock & food
could not
In-Class Assessment
Answer the following ?s in complete sentences.
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1. Who created the first empire?
 Name the empire.
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2. Who created the first set of laws?
 Give the name of the laws.
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3. What do we call a society ruled & dominated by men?
4. Explain assimilation.
Hebrews (Israel)
Israel
► Abraham
 migrated from Mesopotamia (Ur) to Jordan River Valley of
Palestine
 founder of the Jews/Hebrews/Israelites (2000 BC)
►
2nd, but favored son Isaac & grandson Jacob (Israel): patriarchs
 Jacob had 12 sons: each established a tribe
► “12
Tribes of Israel”
About 400 years later, the Israelites left Palestine for Egypt
because of a drought/famine.
Egyptians enslaved the Jews
-after a few hundred years, the Jews gained their freedom &
left under Moses (the Exodus)
Israel (ctnd)
►
Kingdom divided in half:
 Israel: north
 Judah: south
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by 722 BC: Israel conquered by the Assyrians & the people
were forcibly assimilated
by 586 BC: Judah conquered by Babylonians/Chaldeans &
sent into exile
 King Solomon’s Temple destroyed
 Jewish Diaspora: scattering of Jews outside Judah
►
Eventually some Jews in exile returned to Palestine when
Cyrus & Persians overthrew the Babylonians
 rebuilt temple: the “second temple”
Jewish Beliefs
► only
1 God, called YHWY (monotheism)
► YHWY
is good & just
 expects His people to be the same
► YHWY
made a covenant (contract) with Abraham
 God would give the people a promised land
(Israel/Palestine) if they followed His commands
► When
Jews left Egypt, God gave the Law to
Moses including The 10 Commandments
Jewish Beliefs (ctnd)
►
►
Jews set apart from other peoples because of their Mosaic
laws (i.e. keeping “kosher”)
prophets warned Israel when they werent following God
or taking care of justice
 also showed them the future
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the Abrahamic covenant + the Mosaic Law + the prophets
= the 3 parts of the religion: JUDAISM
 Judeo-Christian beliefs & traditions
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Christianity builds onto Judaism
the first 5 books of the Jewish holy book were written by
Moses: the Torah (the Hebrew Bible)
 Talmud: finished AD 500 by Jewish scholars
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explains & interprets behaviors, other writings & how to live daily life
Kings of Israel
► 1.
Saul
 first to unite tribes
► 2.
David
 defeated the Philistines
 formed a dynasty
► 3.
Solomon
 made Jerusalem a great capital
through building the temple
► height
of power
 lots of building = lots of taxes
 one of his 700+ wives was the
daughter of Pharaoh (Egypt)
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=97912286-037D-4D70AA94-763A21B996EB&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Judaism
►
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=FB47D28CEAD8-43AB-BFEC-3EEA945DBFE3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
►
Fiddler On The Roof
 famous musical about a Jewish family living in Russia in the late 1800’s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRdfX7ut8gw
Persian Empire
► modern
Iran
Persians
►
Cyrus
 treats conquered people with respect
 lets them continue to self govern & keep their religions
 mercy & multiculturalism
 allowed exiled peoples to return home, including Jews
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RELIGION: Zoroastrianism 600BC
 Zoroaster/Zarathustra: founder
 Avesta: sacred text
 monotheistic
 Ahura Mazda: creator god
 Ahriman: evil spirit
 good & evil forces (dualism)
 Day of Judgment: rewarded or punished
Persian Empire cont’d.
►
Cyrus’ successor (Darius the
Great) extended empire by
invading Greece
 divides the empire into satrapies
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military very powerful
 king’s guards called Ten Thousand
Immortals b/c number of soldiers
never under 10,000 men
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Eventually kings cared more
about intrigue & power than
ruling well & the Empire fell
►
Conquered by Alexander the
Great & the GREEKS
Compare Judaism & Zoroastrianism
► Create
a Venn Diagram (Double Bubble Map) on
the religions of the Persians and the Israelites
using pgs. 49 & 53.
Zoroastrianism
Judaism
In
common