Transcript 12.4.1. Meanings a

Verb Inflection
with the Present Tense III
Modern English Grammar 2
Session 2
To begin with…
let’s recapitulate
what we developed
in the previous sessions
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To recapitulate:
Present Simple Present Continuous
unmarked marked
factual perceived
objectivity (tendential) subjectivity
certainty personal view
refers to states developments or processes
used with stative verbs used with dynamic verbs
permanent temporary
can be timeless is linked to a moment in time
immediacy of action duration of action
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12.4 The Present Pefect
now
I have read this paper.
The Perfective Aspect expresses that
• an event occurred before the focus of the
utterance/moment of speaking
• when it occurred is not important
• the fact that it occurred is central
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Warning:
Swiss-German speakers
overuse the Present Perfect
because of
first-language interference.
If in doubt, use the Past tense!
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Let’s Check
Exploration 6
on
page 100
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12.4.1. Meanings a)
1. The plane’s landed. She should action just completed
be here any minute.
2. Have you seen the extended
version of The Return of the
King?
occurrence of action up to now
3. Jackie has lived in California
since 1988.
event/state/action up to now
4. Jackie has been living in
California for twenty years
event/state/action up to now
5. Have you had lunch yet?
occurrence of action up to now
focus on duration
time adjunct
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12.4.1. Meanings b)
6. I’ve packed the suitcases,
watered the plants and switched
off the gas, so we can go.
action(s) completed
7. Thanks for showing up at last:
I’ve been waiting for two solid
hours.
event/state/action up to
now
8. They’ve not been to the cinema
recently.
occurrence up to now
9. I haven’t seen him all morning.
occurrence up to now
implied: list of things ticked
off
implied: long duration
time adjunct
implied: it’s still morning
10. He has finished his dinner at
last. We can clear away the
dishes.
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action just completed
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12.4.1 Meanings c)
11.I’m going to wash my face. I
don’t want anyone to see that
I’ve been crying.
event with visible result
12.It’s not working anymore.
Someone has been tampering
with the power supply.
recent past, result visible
13.I don’t know what happened. I
think someone has been shot.
reporting an important and
still effective event
14.So far we have discussed the
form of the poem and we have
analysed the imagery.
recapitulating in academic
discourse
15.Bell (1984) has argued that we
tailor our speech to our
audience.
referring to (seminal)
references in academic
discourse
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emphasis on duration up to
moment of speaking.
emphasis on repetition of
event/extended activity
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Do
Activity 7
on
page 101
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12.4.1. The Present Perfect Simple
They have just finished their
meeting.
completion of action in the very
recent past (Recency)
I haven’t been to China.
occur. up to now (Experience)
He has put the children to bed so actions/events completed, result
visible (Recency into Present)
now we can watch that DVD.
Chomsky (1959) has shown
clearly that a purely behaviourist
approach cannot explain how
language is acquired.
summary of (seminal) academic
article/argument in that article
So far we have seen how the poet recapitulation in an academic
paper
presents the world above the
water surface.
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12.4.1 Present Perfect Continuous
She’s been waiting for a long
time.
event up to now with emphasis
on duration
John has been trying to phone
you.
events up to now with emphasis
on repetition
I’ve been wondering if I could
stay in your room during the
holidays.
polite request
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To sum up: a Simple Rule
The
Present Perfect Simple
expresses
fact
accomplishment
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The
Present Perfect Continuous
expresses
duration
repetition
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Do
Exploration 7
on
page 100
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12.4.2. Present Perfect Adjuncts
already, for, in the last few days (years, months),
just, lately, recently, since, so far, this morning
(week, year), today, yet
Present Perfect with
experiential meaning
Present Perfect
expressing recency
already
so far
recently
for
yet
in the last few
days (years,
months),
just
today
since
this morning
(week, year)*
lately
* if the morning/week/year is
still in progress
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Verb Inflection
with the Past Tense I
Let’s check
Exploration 1
on
page 104
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13.1 Forms a)
base
form
past
–ed participle
arise
arose
arisen
bind
bound
bound
x
breed
bred
bred
x
build
built
built
choose
chose
chosen
dive
dove
dived
a
b
c
d
x
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
dived
dream
fling
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g
x
dreamt
dreamt
dreamed
dreamed
flung
flung
x
x
x
x
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13.1 Forms b)
base
form
past
–ed participle
fly
flew
flown
forbear
forbore
forborne
forbid
forbade
forbidden
a
b
x
c
d
x
x
e
f
g
x
x
x
forbad
forecast
forecast
forecast
forsake
forsook
forsaken
get
got
got (GB)
x
x
x
gotten (US)
hide
hid
hidden
hurt
hurt
hurt
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x
x
x
x
x
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13.1 Forms c)
base
form
past
–ed participle
lay
laid
laid
leap
leapt
leapt
leaped
leaped
lead
led
led
x
lie
lay
lain
x
lose
lost
lost
x
prove
proved
proven
a
b
c
d
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
proved
quit
quit
quit
rend
rent
rent
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g
X
x
x
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13.1 Forms d)
base
form
past
–ed participle
saw
sawed
sawn
a
b
c
d
e
sought
sought
sew
sewed
sewed
x
x
x
x
sewn
x
shine
shone
shone
x
shit
shat
shat
x
shoe
shod
shod
x
shrink
shrank
shrunk
slay
slew
slain
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g
x
sawed
seek
f
x
x
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13.1 Forms e)
base
form
past
–ed participle
a
sneak
snuck
snuck
x
sneaked
sneaked
stink
stank
stunk
x
strive
strove
striven
x
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden
x
weep
wept
wept
x
wring
wrung
wrung
x
c
d
e
f
g
x
x
x
wrang
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b
x
x
x
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Do
Activity 1
on
page 105
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13.1 Forms of the Past Tense
1. All three forms have different stem vowel
drink, drank, drunk
2. All three forms have different stem vowels;
–en suffix for –ed participle
drive, drove, driven
3. Same stem vowel for past and –ed participle
read, read, read
4. Same stem vowel for past and –ed participle,
–en suffix for –ed participle
freeze, froze frozen
5. Same stem vowel for base and –ed participle
dive, dove, dived
6. Same stem vowel for base and –ed participle,
–en suffix for –ed participle
shake, shook, shaken
7. word-final –ed suffix is abbreviated /t/
burn, burnt, burnt
8. no change between the three forms
cut, cut, cut
9. regular affixation with “adjusted” spelling
pay, paid, paid
10. verbs possibly in transition to weak verbs
show, showed, shown/showed
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Home Study
Exploration 2 on page 106
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Bye for now…
and the groovy thing is,
next week there will be
even more fun with
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