Transcript Derivational morphemes

MORPHOLOGY
Ichwan Suyudi
• Inflectional morphemes: vary (or
"inflect") the form of words in order to
express grammatical features, such as
singular/plural or past/present tense. Thus
Boy and boys, for example, are two
different forms of the "same" word; the
choice between them, singular vs. plural,
is a matter of grammar and thus the
business of inflectional morphology.
(Crystal, p. 90.)
• Derivational morphemes makes new
words from old ones (Crystal, p. 90.) Thus
creation is formed from create , but they
are two separate words.
INFLECTIONAL VS. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
Derivational morphemes generally:
1) Change the part of speech or the basic meaning of a
word. Thus -ment added to a verb forms a noun
(judg-ment). re-activate means "activate again."
2) Are not required by syntactic relations outside the
word. Thus un-kind combines un- and kind into a
single new word, but has no particular syntactic
connections outside the word -- we can say he is
unkind or he is kind or they are unkind or they are
kind, depending on what we mean.
INFLECTIONAL VS. DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
Derivational morphemes generally:
3) Are often not productive -- derivational morphemes can be
selective about what they'll combine with, and may also have
erratic effects on meaning. Thus the suffix -hood occurs with just
a few nouns such as brother, neighbor, and knight, but not with
most others. e.g., *friendhood, *daughterhood, or *candlehood.
Furthermore "brotherhood" can mean "the state or relationship
of being brothers," but "neighborhood" cannot mean "the state
or relationship of being neighbors."
4) Typically occur between the stem and any inflectional affixes.
Thus in governments,-ment, a derivational suffix, precedes -s,
an inflectional suffix.
5) In English, may appear either as prefixes or suffixes: prearrange, arrange-ment.
MORPHEMES
Inflectional Morphemes generally:
1) Do not change basic meaning or part of speech, e.g.,
big, bigg-er, bigg-est are all adjectives.
2) Express grammatically-required features or indicate
relations between different words in the sentence.
Thus in Lee love-s Kim: -s marks the 3rd person
singular present form of the verb, and also relates it
to the 3rd singular subject Lee.
MORPHEMES
Inflectional Morphemes generally:
3) Are productive. Inflectional morphemes typically
combine freely with all members of some large class
of morphemes, with predictable effects on
usage/meaning. Thus the plural morpheme can be
combined with nearly any noun, usually in the same
form, and usually with the same effect on meaning.
4) Occur outside any derivational morphemes. Thus in
ration-al-iz-ation-s the final -s is inflectional, and
appears at the very end of the word, outside the
derivational morphemes -al, -iz, -ation.
5) In English, are suffixes only.
Larry Horn (1988) points out that the verbs that permit
prefixation with un- are those that effect a change in state in
some objects
Adjective
Adjective
Un
lock
able
Adjective
Verb
Un
lock
able
the sense derived from the suffix -able
combining with the verb lock
to form an adjective lockable
and then the adjective combining
with the prefix un- to form
a new adjective unlockable
the sense derived from the prefix unattaching to the verb lock
to form a new verb unlock
and then combining with the suffix -able
to form an adjective unlockable
MORPHEMES

Based on the speaker, or the speakers,
the variety of languages are
distinguished:
1. Regional Variety
The dialect is a language variant
caused by regional differences.
Dialek dibedakan berdasarkan kosa
kata, tata bahasa, dan pengucapan.
2. Personal Variety
Idiolect is caused by a variant of the
language as a habit or a typical
speaking to someone. Idiolect is
characteristic linguistic of someone.

3. Social Variety or sociolect
Sociolect is a variant of the language
that are caused by different social
groups within the community, such as
the group of intellectuals,
businessmen, officials, youth,
parents, and others.
Dialek bahasa Inggris Amerika dan bahasa Inggris British.
British <==> American
Football <==> Soccer
Biscuit <==> Cookie
Toilet <==> Rest room
Shop <==> Store
Dialek bahasa Jepang Kantou dan Dialek bahasa Jepang Kansai.
Bahasa Jepang Kantou: acchi (panas), sammi (dingin).
Bahasa Jepang Kansai: atsui (panas), samui (dingin).
MORPHEMES
MORPHEMES

Morphemes also have other names,
such as ‘affixes’, ‘stems’ and ‘roots’. An
affix is a ‘morpheme that only occurs
when attached to some other
morpheme or morphemes such as a
root or stem’ (Katamba & Stonham,
2006, pp. 44-45).
MORPHEMES

Affixes are generally divided into
prefixes and suffixes. The stem is
that part of a word that is in existence
before any inflectional affixes have been
added (Katamba & Stonham, 2006, p.
46). A root is the ‘irreducible core of
the word’ (Katamba & Stonham, 2006,
p. 46).
NEUROLINGUISTICS

Afasia adalah gangguan fungsi bahasa
yang disebapkan cedera atau penyakit
pusat otak. Dalam hal ini pasien
menunjukkan gangguan dalam
memproduksi dan atau memahami
bahasa. Ini termasuk gangguan
kemapuan membaca dan menulis
dengan baik, demikian juga bercakapcakap, mendengar berhitung,
menyimpulkan dan pemahaman
terhadap sikap tubuh.
NEUROLINGUISTICS
• Disleksia merupakan kelainan dengan
dasar kelainan neurobiologis dan ditandai
dengan kesulitan dalam mengenali kata
dengan tepat atau akurat dalam
pengejaan dan dalam kemampuan
mengode simbol. Terdapat dua macam
disleksia, yaitu developmental dyslexia
dan acquired dyslexia.
Indonesia
Location of Bekasi
RESEARCH METHOD
• This paper is a preliminary study for the
field research that will be carried out in
December 2012.
• The study was a descriptive study
constructively, to bring out a brief guide of
how to communicate in foreign language, that
is English, that can be used by SMEs for
overseas marketing activities
Result dan Discussion
In practice, there are many situations in
which SMEs miss the opportunity to get
buyers from other countries because they
find difficulties to communicate with them
in English. So, this will cause constraints
to market the products to the global
market
1
First, when SMEs join a trade
exhibition
Some basic communication skills need
to be trained to them, such as :
• Welcome to our outlet ... please come in and …
What can I do for you Sir/Madame?
• We have / provide products such as ....
• Which products do you like ...
• Please have a look on this …..
• Excuse me, this is our brochures…
• We give special discount for you .....
• Can we have your business card Sir/Madame ….
• Can we have your email address Sir/Madame ….
• See you … and thank you for visiting our outlet
Sir/Madame ….
2
Secondly, in the marketing activities, when
SMEs got a call from potential buyers from
other countries
Some basic communication skills need to be
trained to them, such as :
• Hello, this is SMEs….. good
morning/afternoon/evening
•
This is …… who is on the line?
•
What can I do for you Sir/Madame?
•
Could you please repeat your phone number again?
•
We will send you our offer as soon as possible
•
Thank you for calling ...
3
Language barrier may occur when SMEs
receive letters or emails from prospective
buyers from other countries
• SMEs can actually utilize a good translation software
application to translate letters/emails.
• In the global era, the mastery of technology is also
a must.
Conclusion and Suggestion
• Although they have good export
potentials, SMEs still have some
problems
• One of the efforts to solve the SME’s
problems in exporting the products can
be solved by improving the language
skills of the marketing staffs, particularly
in communication skills.
Conclusion and Suggestion
• In the future, this effort needs support from
all parties, especially the government and
higher education institutions to facilitate the
SMEs to improve their communication skills in
foreign languages, so that SMEs can access
foreign markets easily. Facilities, especially in
terms of mentoring and training are needed
by SMEs.
CONCLUSION
• Creating modules: focus on the communication skills,
and cultural-related materials that emphasizing on
practices.Modules are applicable in class and
multimedia language laboratory.
• Providing teachers, facilitators that will help SMEs
staffs to practice communicate in English (utilizing
modules that will be created).
RAHMAT