Transcript Morphological Analysis

Morphological Analysis
Lim Kay Yie
Kong Moon Moon
Rosaida bt ibrahim
Nor hayati bt jamaludin
DEFINITION OF MORPHOLOGY
Morphology is the study of the structure and formation
of words.
Its most important unit is the morpheme, which is defined
as the "minimal unit of meaning".
(Linguistics textbooks usually define it slightly differently
as "the minimal unit of grammatical analysis".)
Consider a word like: "unhappiness". This has three parts:
There are three morphemes, each carrying a certain amount
of meaning. un means "not", while ness means "being in a
state or condition". Happy is a free morpheme because it can
appear on its own (as a "word" in its own right).
Stem
•A stem is a base morpheme to which another morphological piece is
attached.
•It can be simple, made up of only one part, or complex, itself made up of
more than one piece.
Example:
Word reconsideration. We can break it into three morphemes:
re-, consider, and -ation.
- Consider is called the stem.
Root
•A root is like a stem in constituting the core of the word to which other
pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple units.
Example:
Disagree is the stem of disagreement, because it is the base to which
-ment attaches, but agree is the root. Taking disagree now, agree is
both the stem to which dis- attaches and the root of the entire word.
Affix
• An additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or
word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
Example:
Reconsideration
 re- and -ation are both affixes
Prefix
• A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly
indicates its meaning.
•Common prefixes include anti-(against), co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad).
Example:
dis- = apart, away, disappears.”
Suffix
• A letter or group of letters attached to the end of a word that partly
indicates its meaning.
Example: -ful = have, beautiful
Bound morphemes have to be attached to a free morpheme, and
so cannot be words in their own right. Thus you can't have
sentences in English such as
"Jason feels very un ness today".
Morphological processes
1. Inflection
•Process of changing the form of a word so that it expresses
information such as number, person, case, gender, tense, mood
and aspect, but the syntactic category of the word remains
unchanged.
• As an example, the plural form of the noun in English is usually
formed from the singular form by adding an s.
car / cars
table / tables
dog / dogs
• Other
examples of Inflection:
By adding
a) ’s
(possessive)
b) -ing
(verb suffix meaning “in process” : is
reading)
c) -er
(comparative: smarter)
d) -est
(superlatve suffix: smartest)
e) -ed
(past tense or irregular variants, as in
bought and ate)
f) “perfect” suffix on verbs ( -en, as in he has taken
the cake.)
2. Derivation
- Derivation does change the category. Linguists classify
derivation in English according to whether or not it induces a
change of pronunciation.
- For instance, adding the suffix ity changes the pronunciation
of the root of active so the stress is on the second syllable:
activity.
-The addition of the suffix al to approve doesn't change the
pronunciation of the root: approval.
Derivational Affixes
 In Nouns
- age
- al
- ance
-ness
-tion
-ism
-er
-icle
(appendage)
(arrival)
(acceptance)
(kindness)
(absorption)
(socialism)
(babysitter)
(particle)
- ity
- let
-ment
-ful
-ship
-ist
-ant
-ure
(personality)
(outlet)
(government)
(handful)
(friendship)
(socialist)
(assistant)
(departure)
(satiate)
(regularize)
(harden)
(glorify)
-re
unde-
(rewrite)
(undo)
(deregulate)
 In Verbs
-ate
-ize
-en
-ify
Derivational Affixes
 In Adjectives
-able
-al
anti-ary
-ent
-ful
-ish
-less
-ive
-in
(readable)
(accidental)
(anti-war)
(visionary)
(confident)
(beautiful)
(boyish)
(priceless)
(active)
(intolerant)
-like
-ory
-ous
-semi
-super
-trans
-ultra
(childlike)
(regulatory)
(porous)
(semilogical)
(supermarket)
(trans-Siberian)
(ultrasensitive)
(slowly)
-wise
(timewise)
 In Adverbs
-ly
 In Members of More Than One World Class
-an
(American [noun and adjective])
-ly
(friendly [adjective], eagerly [adverb])
post(postscript [noun], postdate [verb])
pre(preview [noun and verb])
Summary
Inflectional
Always follow any derivational
suffixes.
Eg:
authorizing
{author} + {-ize} + {-ing}
Derivational
Always precede any
inflectional suffixes.
Eg:
statements
{state} + {ment} + {s}
Summary
Inflectional
Derivational
Never change part of speech of
base.
Eg:
boy (noun singular)
boys (noun plural)
Often change part of speech of
base.
Eg:
boy (noun)
Boyish (adjective)
Summary
Inflectional
Combine with almost all
members of single part of
speech.
Eg:
human>humans
pencil>pencils
Derivational
Usually can combine with only
a few subgroups of bases
belonging to one or two parts
of speech.
Eg:
human> humanize
*humanify
*humanate
Summary
Inflectional
Derivational
-Has grammatical meaning.
-Has
some lexical meaning.
Eg:
{-s} > humans
Creates plural of a word that
retains its original meaning.
Eg:
{-ize} > humanize
Creates verbs meaning “to
cause to become”
Analysing morphemes
You can do this in 3 ways :1. By dividing it up with hyphens
e.g. truth-ful-ness
2. By using a tree diagram OR hierarchical structure
A
N
N
truth - ful - ness
Dividing with hyphens
Divide into base form + morphemes
truth
=
one morpheme
truthful
=
base form + bound morpheme
(truth-ful)
truthfulness =
base form + bound + bound
(truth-ful-ness)
Constructing tree diagrams (1)
i.
Divide the word into its constuent morphemes
e.g. greed-i-ness
ii. Decide the root and its grammatical category :
greed = noun (N)
iii. Decide the grammatical category of all the new words
created by the other morphemes
greedy
=
adjective (A)
greediness
=
noun (N)
Constructing tree diagrams (2)
i.
Write the divided word at the bottom of the page
greed-i-ness
ii. Write the grammatical category
of the root and join it to the word:
N
greed
iii. Write the grammatical category
of all the new words created by
the other morphemes
A
and join them up
greed-i
N
greed-i-ness
Now write the word and connect up all the categories.
Can you label the boxes?
Answers..
Greed >
Greedy >
Greediness
REFERENCES
Ingo Plag. (2003). Word-Formation in English.
Cambridge University Press.
Jeffrey P. Kaplan. (1989). English Grammar
Principles and Facts. Prentice- Hall International
Michael Newby. (1987). The Structure of English.
Cambridge University Press.
Thomas P. Klammer. (1992). Analyzing English
Grammar. Allyn and Bacon.