Transcript Morphology

Morphology
Chapter 7
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What is Morphology?
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What is a ‘word’?
Items marked in black separated by spaces?
What about the ‘thecatsatonthemat’?
In Swahili the form ‘nitakupenda’ stands for what
we might say in English ‘I will love you’?
What about the word ‘replayed’ and ‘play’?
The concept ‘word’ turns out to be a complex
fuzzy category.
Depend on ‘elements’ rather than ‘words’
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Definitions
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Morphology is the branch of linguistics that
studies the structure of words.
= the study of how words are built
= set of morphemes + the rules of how they
are combined
How words are put together out of smaller
pieces  morphemes
e.g. replayed consists of re+play+ed
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Morpheme
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A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical
function
Minimal= can’t be broken down any further.
Meaning?
Grammatical function?
renewable
Tourists
re + new + able
tour + ist + s
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Morphemes
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A word that contains more than one
morpheme is a morphologically complex
word
One morpheme is the basic one, the core of
the form  root or stem
 The add-ons bound morphemes are affixes
E.g. ‘rearranged’
‘teachers’
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Types of morphemes
 Free
vs. Bound morphemes
Free
Bound
Can stand alone as separate Cannot occur on their own
words
as separate words
Single morphemes
e.g. hunt, kill, the, play,
child, book.
Affixes
-s in dogs
-ness in happiness
-ed in walked
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Free Morphemes
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Divided into : Lexical morphemes vs.
Functional Morphemes.
Lexical morphemes
Functional morphemes
a.k.a content words: carry the a.k.a function words
content of the message
Includes nouns, verbs,
adjective, adverbs such as,
children, love, beauty, play,
sing
Open class word
Include pronouns, articles,
conjunctions, prepositions as,
the, on, from, and, in, etc.
Close class words
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Bound Morphemes
Affixation
 Prefix: An affix that is attached to the
front of a base, e.g. re-play.
 Suffix: An affix that is attached to the
end of a base, e.g. kind-ness.
 Infix: An affix that occur within a base,
e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
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Bound Morphemes
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Divided into derivational vs. inflectional
morphemes.
 Derivational
morphemes make new
words in a languagedifferent grammatical
category from the stem
e.g. suffix –ness in
happiness
 Inflectional
morphemes indicate
aspects of grammatical
function of a word.
e.g. suffix –ed in walked
indicate past tense
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Derivation vs. Inflection
 It changes the category
 It does not change
and/or the type of
meaning of the word,
so it is said to create a
new word.
either the grammatical
category or the type of
meaning found in the
word.
e.g. suffix –ment in
government
e.g. suffix –s in books
•Bound morphemes always appear in order, first
derivational then inflectional. E.g. teachers
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English Inflectional Morphemes
Nouns
–s
–’s
Verbs
–s
–ed
–en
–ing
Adjectives
–er
–est
plural
possessive
third person singular present
past tense
past participle
progressive
comparative
superlative
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Some examples of English
Derivational Morpheme
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: Noun
-ly
: Adj
-ate : Noun
-ity : Adj
-ship : Noun
 Adj
 Adv
 Verb
 Noun
 Noun
; alcohol  alcoholic
; exact  exactly
; vaccin  vaccinate
; active  activity
; friend  friendship
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re-
 Verb
; cover  recover
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-ic
: Verb
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Categories of Morphemes
Morphemes
Free
Bound
Lexical
Functional
Tree - read
The
Derivational
inflectional
-er in ‘teacher -s in teachers
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Analyzing words
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The girl’s wildness shocked the teacher
The
girl
-s
Wild
-ness
Shock
-ed
The
Teach
-er
functional
 lexical
 inflectional
 lexical
 derivational
 lexical
 inflectional
 functional
 lexical
 derivational

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Morphs and allomorphs
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Phoneme and allophone?
Morphs are the actual realization of morphemes.
Morphemes are abstract units- morphs are
discrete.
Some morphemes are realized by one or more
morphs according to their position in a word or
a sentence  allomorph
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Morphs and allomorphs
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Morpheme of plurality represented as -s
E.g Cats – digs – forces
Allomorphs are represented {-s}, {-z} and {-iz}
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Phonetic influence of neighboring sound
Allomorphs for the morpheme of past tense –
ed?
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Describe the italic affixes:
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impossible
terrorized
terrorize
desks
dislike
humanity
fastest
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Derivational prefix
Inflectional suffix
Derivational suffix
Inflectional suffix
Derivational prefix
Derivational suffix
Inflectional suffix
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Describe the italic affixes:
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premature
untie
darken
fallen
oxen
faster
lecturer
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Derivational prefix
Derivational prefix
Derivational suffix
Inflectional suffix
Inflectional suffix
Inflectional suffix
Derivational suffix
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Analyze different types of
morphemes
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The young boy played with his friends.
The

Functional
Young

Lexical
Boy

Lexical
Play

Lexical
-ed

Inflection
With

Functional
His

Functional
Friend

Lexical
-s

inflectional
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