Morphology01 - Kwary's Free Resources
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Morphology:
The analysis of word structure
Deny A. Kwary
www.kwary.net
Main Divisions of Word Classes
(Parts of Speech):
Content
Words
Function
Words
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Articles
Pronouns
Exercise: Determine the word class of
each of the following words
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
betterment
the
him
elegant
inconvenience
eloquently
comply
inasmuch as
over
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Noun
Article
Pronoun
Adjective
Noun
Adverb
Verb
Conjunction
Preposition
Word and Morpheme
Word: the smallest free form
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful
unit
Word simple and complex
E.g. hunt and hunter
Morpheme free and bound
E.g. hunt and -er
Question #1, p.173
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Fly Simple, no bm, fly
Desks Complex, -s, desk
Untie Complex, un-, tie
Tree Simple, no bm, tree
Dislike Complex, dis-, like
Reuse Complex, re-, use
Triumphed Complex, -ed, triumph
Delight Simple, no bm, delight
Justly Complex, -ly, just
Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
It changes the
category and/or the
type of meaning of
the word, so it is
said to create a new
word.
e.g. suffix –ment in
government
It does not change
either the
grammatical
category or the type
of meaning found in
the word.
e.g. suffix –s in
books
Derivation vs. Inflection (2)
A derivational affix must combine with the base
before an inflectional affix.
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)
= neighbourhoods
The following combination is unacceptable:
neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)
= *neighbourshood
Derivation vs. Inflection (3)
An inflectional affix in more productive than a
derivational affix.
e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with
virtually any noun to form a plural noun.
On the other hand,
the derivational suffix –ant can combine only
with Latinate bases.
English Inflectional Morphemes
Nouns
–s
plural
–’s
possessive
Verbs
–s
third person singular present
–edpast tense
–en
past participle
–ing
progressive
Adjectives
–er
comparative
–estsuperlative
Inflections in other languages
Case: in Turkish and Latin (p. 166)
Tense: in Chibemba (p. 170)
Some examples of English Derivational
Morpheme
-ic
-ly
-ate
-ity
-ship
: Noun Adj
: Adj Adv
: Noun Verb
: Adj Noun
: Noun Noun
;
;
;
;
;
re-
: Verb Verb
; cover recover
alcohol alcoholic
exact exactly
vaccin vaccinate
active activity
friend friendship
Describe the italic affixes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
impossible
terrorized
terrorize
desks
dislike
humanity
fastest
1) Derivational prefix
2) Inflectional suffix
3) Derivational suffix
4) Inflectional suffix
5) Derivational prefix
6) Derivational suffix
7) Inflectional suffix
Describe the italic affixes:
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
premature
untie
darken
fallen
oxen
faster
lecturer
8) Derivational prefix
9) Derivational prefix
10) Derivational suffix
11) Inflectional suffix
12) Inflectional suffix
13) Inflectional suffix
14) Derivational suffix
Page 179
Number 18
Number 19
Affixation
Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a
base, e.g. re-play.
Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a
base, e.g. kind-ness.
Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in
Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is
attached to the front and to the end of a base
simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.
Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.
Examples of English Affixes
See
pages 145 – 146.
Homework (Group Assignment):
The answers to be presented by each group next week
(prepare a PPT file).
1.Define and give examples of the six types of affixes:
infix, confix, interfix, simulfix, superfix, dan transfix.
Examples can be derived from English, Indonesian,
or Arabic.
2. List English Prefixes which are NOT mentioned on
page 146. Determine the word class and give two
examples for each prefix.
3. List English Suffixes which are NOT mentioned on
pp. 145-146. Determine the word class and give two
examples for each suffix.
Affixation
To
be continued next week
Deny A. Kwary
www.kwary.net