Transcript Linguistics II LI2023

MORPHOLOGY
LI 2013
NATHALIE F. MARTIN
Table of Content
At the end of this chapter you will know:
 Morphemes
 Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes
 Derivation
 Inflection
 Phenomenon/Processes
 Compounding
 Morphophonemics
Morphemes
1. FREE, BOUND MORPHEMES
2. ALLOMORPHS
Morphology
 Morphology:
 The
analysis of word
.
 The system of categories and rules involved in
______________ and ___________
Main Divisions of Word Classes
(Parts of Speech):

 Content Words



 Function Words




Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Articles (or det.)
Pronouns
Word and Morpheme
 Word: the smallest
___________
 Word  simple and
complex

E.g.
 Morpheme: the
smallest _________
______
 Morpheme  free and
bound

E.g.
Analysing Word Structure
1. ROOT, AFFIX
2. BASE
3. AFFIX:
1.
prefix, suffix, infixes
Affixation
 Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _____ ___
of a base,

Ex.
 Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _______ of
a base.

Ex.
Affixation
 Infix: An affix that occur __________a base
 Ex. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
 Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is
attached to ________________ of a base
simultaneously

Ex.(in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.
 Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.
Examples of English Affixes
 -able
 Anti-
 -ing
 Ex-
 -ish
 -ize
 Re-
 In-
SUFFIXOCATING !!!
 Can you find the different affixes in this cartoon?
 What are the meanings of each?
Derivation
1. ENGLISH DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
2. COMPLEX DERIVATION
3. CONSTRAINTS IN DERIVATION
4. TWO CLASSES OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
Derivation
 An affixational process that forms a word with a
__________and/or _________ _ _________from
that of it’s base.
 Ex:
Examples of English Derivational Affixes
 See pages 117.
Derivation
 Illustrated through trees:
N
V
V
Af
A
Af
treat
ment
modern
ize
Some examples of English Derivational
Morpheme
 -ic
: Noun  Adj
 -ly
: Adj  Adv
 -ate : Noun  Verb
 -ity
: Adj  Noun
 -ship : Noun  Noun
; alcohol  alcoholic
; exact  exactly
; vaccin  vaccinate
; active  activity
; friend  friendship
 re-
; cover  recover
: Verb  Verb
Complexe Derivations
Words with several layers of structure
 Activation:
N
V
A
V
Af
Af
Af
Act
ive
ate
ion
Constraints on Derivation
 The suffix –ant
Contest  contestant
Defend  defendant
Hunt 
*Huntant  Hunter
WHY?
The suffix –ant can combine only with
____________________.
Constraints on Derivation
 The suffix –en
white  whiten
dark  darken
green  *greenen
WHY?
The suffix –en can combine only a ___________
base that ends in an obstruent (pp. 149–150).
How about large ?  largen ?
The suffix –en can combine only a ___________
________base that ends in an _________ (Kwary, 2004).
Inflection
1. INFLECTION
2. INFLECTIONS IN ENGLISH
Inflection
 The modification of a word’s form to _________
the __________________to which it belongs

Ex:
English Inflectional Morphemes
Nouns
–s
plural
–’s
possessive
Verbs
–s
third person singular present
–ed
past tense
–en
past participle
–ing
progressive
Adjectives
–er
comparative
–est
superlative
Inflection vs. derivation
Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
 It changes the ______
 It does not change
and/or the ____ of
meaning of the word, so
it is said to create ____
__ _____.
either the _____
_
_______ or the ____
_________ found in
the word.
Ex.
Ex.
Derivation vs. Inflection (2)
 A derivational affix must combine with the base
an inflectional affix.
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)
= neighbourhoods
The following combination is unacceptable:
neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)
= *neighbourshood
_____
Derivation vs. Inflection (3)
 An inflectional affix in more
___________than a
derivational affix.
e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually
any noun to form a plural noun.
On the other hand,
the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with
Latinate bases.
Word Formation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
COMPOUNDING
CONVERSION
CLIPPING
BLENDS
BACKFORMATION
ACRONYMS
ONOMATOPOEIA
EPONYMS
1. Compounding
 Definition: Two or more words
___________________to form a new
word.
 Examples:
Properties of compounds
1. Properties of compounds
1. Lexical category
2.
Stress
3.
Plural
Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds
Note: The meaning of a compound is not
always _____________________________.
Coconut oil  oil made from coconuts.
 Olive oil
 oil made from olives.

foroil
babies
Baby oil
 oil
NOT
made from babies
 blue-movies 
 blue-chip


2. Conversion
 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a
new ____________________.
 Examples:
butter (N)  to butter the bread
permit (V)  an entry permit
empty (A)  to empty the litter-bin
Verbing
Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs
(and conjugating them).
3. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a ___________
by ______________________
 Examples:

4. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but _____
_______________ are deleted.
 Examples:

Is this a blend?
Case Study: Blends or Compunds

‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been
replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer
star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’
(cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003).

‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The
retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times
kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May
2004).

Another recent coinage borne out of the current
preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and
adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January
2005).
5. Back-formations
Definition: a process that creates a new word
by __________a _______________from
another word in the language.
 Examples:



editor (1649)
 edit (1791)
television (1907)
 televise (1927)
6. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the ______of several
words
 Examples:



severe acute respiratory syndrome
 SARS
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA
7. Onomatopoeia

Definition: Words created to __________
the thing that they name.
English
Japanese
Tagalog
Indonesian
Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk
Meow
Nya
Niyaw
Meong
8. Eponyms
 Definition: Words derived from
______________________.
 Examples:
Morphophonemics
Morphophonemics
 “Pronunciation can be sensitive to ______________
factors”
 Example: English Plural
 Allomorphs pronounsed: /-s/, /-z/, /-əz/
 The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the phonetic
context.
 Ex:
 www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady