Transcript Meeting I

What is morphology?
Definition according to some
linguists
1. Crystal
2. Fromkin, et.al
3. Aurbauch
4. Mathew
5. Deterding
6. Richard et. al
Morphology
The study of the words of
Language or deals with the
study of how words
combine to form
Syntax
Phonology
The study the internal
of structure of
sentences and its
interrelationship
among
-The study of speech
sound.
- It covers term for
both phonetics and
phonemics
Linguistics
sub-field
Pragmatics
Form a branch of
Linguistics that studies
the phrases And
sentences in the
actual context of
discourse
Semantics
The study of the nature
of the meaning of
individual word
Concept of terms
Morphophonemic
Lexeme
What
is
Etymology
Lexicology
?
Six principles in isolating
and identifying
morphemes
Forms which have a common
semantic distinctiveness and an
identical phonemic form in all their
occurrences constitute a single
morpheme
Principle 1.
Example, -er added to verbs in such
combinations as worker, dancer,
runner/walker and flier is a
morpheme. It always has the same
phonetic form, and always has
essentially the same meaning, that is
the doer of. the action" (also called
agentive).
Principle 2
• Form which have a common
semantic distinctiveness but
which differ in phonemic form
(i.e. the phonemes or order of
the phonemes) may constitute
a morpheme as long as the
distribution of formal
differences is phonologically
definable.
• Example, one negative prefix
has more than a single form,
such as the words intolerable
and impossible
• Principle 3
Forms which have a common semantic
distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic forms
in such a way that their distributions can not be
phonologically defined constitute a single
morpheme if the forms are in complementary
distribution in accordance with the following restrictions:
a. Occurrence in the same structural series has
precedence over occurrence in different structural
series in the determination of morphemic status,
b. Complementary distribution in
different structural series constitutes a
basis for combining possible allomorphs
into one morpheme which belongs to the
same distribution class as the
allomorphic series in question and which
itself has only one allomorph or
phonologically defined allomorphs
c. Immediate tactical environments have
precedence over non immediate tactical
environments in determining morphemic
status.
d. Contract in identical distributional
environments ; may be treated as sub
morphemic if the difference in meaning
of the allomorphs reflects the distribution
of this forms.
Principle 4
An overt formal difference in a structural series
constitutes a morpheme if in any member of
such a series, the overt formal difference and a
zero structural difference are the only significant
features for distinguishing a minimal unit of
phonetic-semantic distinctiveness.
Principle 4
"An overt formal difference : means a contrast
which is indicated by differences in phonemes
or in the order of phonemes. The distinction
between foot /fu:t/ and feet /fi:t/ is an overt
difference, since it consists in a difference of
phonemes. The contrast between the singular
sheep I si:p / and the plural sheep / si:p/
consists of zero and is covert.
Principle 5
Homophonous forms are
identifiable as the same or
different morphemes on the
basis of the following
conditions:
a. Homophonous forms with
distinctly
different
meanings
constitute
different morphemes
b. Homophonous forms with
related
meanings
constitutes
a
single
morpheme if the meaning
classes are parallel by
distributional differences,
but
they
constitute
multiple morpheme if the
meaning classes are not
parallel by distributional
differences.
Principle 6
A morpheme is isolatable
if it occurs under the
following conditions:
a. in isolation: boy, cow, girl,
jump, up, he, this, and
ouch are forms identified
as morphemes, because it
is possible to utter all
these forms in isolation.
b. in multiple combination in
at least one of which the
unit with which it is
combined occurs in
isolation or in other
combinations.
Types of Morphemes
(1) Bound Vs Free,
(2) Roots Vs Non-roots,
(3) Roots Vs Stems,
(4) Nuclei Vs Non-nuclei,
(5) Nuclear Vs Peripheral,
(6) Closing Vs non-closing,
(7) Inflectional and Derivational.
Parts of speech that
accepted as inflectional
morpheme
1.
2.
3.
4.
Noun,
Verb,
Adjective, and
Adverb
Characteristics of
Inflectional And
Derivational Morphemes
Inflectional
1. Do not change meaning or part
of speech, e.g., big, bigger, biggest
are all adjectives.
2. Are required by the syntax.
They typically indicate syntactic or
semantic relations between
different words in a sentence,
e.g., love-s bananas: -s marks the
3rd person singular
present form of the verb,
relating it to the 3rd singular
subject .
3. They are very productive.
They typically occur with all
members of some large class
of morphemes, e.g., the plural
morpheme /—s/ occurs with
almost all nouns.
4. Occur at the margin of a word,
alter any derivational morphemes,
e.g., ration-al-iz-atinn-s : - s is
inflectional, and appears at the
very end of the word
5.
Are suffixes only (in English
Derivational
1. Change the part of speech or the
meaning of a word e.g., -ment added
to a verb forms a noun (judge-ment)
re-activate means 'activate again'.
2. Syntax does not require the
presence of derivational morphemes.
They typically indicate semantic
relations within a word, but no
syntactic relations outside the word
(compare this with #2 below) e.g., unkind relates -un 'not' to kind, but has
no particular syntactic connections
outside the word—note that the same
word can be used in he is unkind and
they are unkind.
3. they arc usually not very
productive—derivational morphemes
generally are selective about what
they'll combine with e.g., the suffix hood occurs with just a few nouns
such as brother, neighbor, and knight,
but not with most others, e.g., friend,
daughter, or candle.
MORE INFLECTIONAL
AND DERIVATIONAL
MORPHEMES
• A. Inflectional Morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
usually suffixes, elements
added after the base word.
Some inflectional
morphemes, however, are
infixes. It changes within the
the base word rather than
additions to the base, as in
some English words: singsung; stand-stood, etc.
MORE INFLECTIONAL
AND DERIVATIONAL
MORPHEMES
B. Derivational Morphemes:
- Noun-making derivational
suffixes
- Verb-making derivational
suffixes
- Adjective- making
derivational suffix
- Adverb-making derivational
suffixes
HIERARCHICAL
STRUCTURE OF
WORDS
• Illustration 1:
A
B
Verb
Agentive Nouns
(verb + er)
(to) write
(to) drive
(to) lead
(to) teach
(to) sing
writer
driver
leader
teacher
singer
Illustration 2
Verb
Suffix –able (Verb + able)
= Adjective
use
read
adjust
Compare
usable
readable
adjustable
comparable
compare :
happy (adjective)
hungry (adjective)
student (noun)
horse
happiable (* ungrammatical)
hungriable (*ungrammatical)
studentable (*ungrammatical)
horseable (*ungrammatical)
Unlockable
(adjective)
lockable
(adjective)
Un
lock
able
Unlockable
adjective
verb
un
lock
able
WORD FORMATION
PROCESS
1. Coinage
2. Acronym
3. Blending
4. Clipping
5. Borrowing
6. Backformation
7. Compounding
8. Conversion
9. Derivation
10. Reduplication
11. Supplition
DICTIONARY
INFORMATION
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The Concept of Dictionary
According to some experts
The Main Types of Dictionary:
Standard dictionaries such as the
Concise Oxford. The teacher and
students can work with these.
Learner’s dictionaries in both one
and two language varieties, e.g.
English to English or English to
Chinese.
Picture dictionaries of simple and
sophisticated types ( that include
detailed pictures of computers,
tennis court, cars, etc.
Production dictionaries
Specialized dictionaries of phrasal
verbs, common mistakes, language
and culture, etc.
Subject specific dictionaries , e. g
for medicine, engineering, etc.
Models of Dictionary
• Monolingual Dictionaries
Monolingual dictionary is one that
consists of one language, such
dictionary English-English,
Indonesian-Indonesian, etc
• Bilingual Dictionaries
Bilingual dictionary is one that
consists of two languages, such as
Indonesian –English, English
Indonesian, English- Dutch, DutchDutch English, etc.
• Multilingual Dictionaries
Multilingual dictionary consists of
more than two languages, such as,
Indonesian-English-Arabic; EnglishMandarin-Japan, etc.
Uses of Dictionary
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To look up a word or phrase met in
listening or reading to find its meaning;
to check up the spelling or
pronunciation of a word or phrase.
To check alternate uses and meaning
of a known word met in seemingly
different or unusual setting.
To check the root, etymology, word
class or morphology of a word.
To check the use of a word or phrase
by studying the examples and noting
collocation.
To find out about the register,
connotation or association of a word or
phrase.
To find synonyms and compounds from
the entry for a headword.
To learn about the cultural significance
of items looked up, the biography or a
famous person or with a subject
specific dictionary.
The Components of
Dictionary
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Alphabetical Order
Guide Words
Word Division
Pronunciation
Definition
Synonym
Morphology
Syntax