Transcript Lesson XXXIII

Lesson XXXIII
Perfect Passive Participles
Passive Voice: Perfect, Pluperfect
and Future Perfect Tenses
Perfect Participles
• A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that’s used as an
adjective. The past participle in English usually ends in
–ed:
• e.g.: carried, beloved
• With other verbs, it is irregular:
• e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard.
• The baby, CARRIED by its mother, stopped crying.
• The sheets, EATEN by moths, were no longer useful.
• SEEN cheating by her boyfriend, the girl decided now was
as good a time as any to break up.
Perfect Participles
• In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th
PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus
or –sus:
• Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS
• PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried”
• Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS
• MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent”
• These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like
any other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending
is listed in your vocabulary.
Participles
•
•
•
•
•
Examples:
Cibus propositus:
“the offered food”
Litterae missae:
“the sent letter”
Forming perfect passive tenses
• Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to
put them to good use!
• The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s
principal parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of
the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses.
• Remember that the participle is an adjective, so
we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit
as we conjugate from singular to plural and from
gender to gender.
• Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use
2 words: a participle and a form of sum.
Perfect Passive Tense
• Take the perfect passive participle of a verb.
• Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb.
Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to
form a PAST tense verb.
Be careful not to translate “sum” as present
tense when it’s partnered up with a participle.
You’ll see why on the next page….
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
Plural
Amatus sum
Amati sumus
I was, have been
loved
We were, have
been loved
Amatus es
Amati estis
You were, have
been loved
Y’all were, have
been loved
Amatus est
Amati sunt
He was, has been
*Note that sum is NOT
translated “I am”. This is loved
a PAST tense, so the
NOT “she” or “it”: that
regular meanings of
would be amatA or
“sum” are thrown out the amatUM, respectively
window…for this chart.
They were, have
been loved
Note that we changed –us to the
nominative plural –i. Had we been
working with amata, the plural would
be amatae. Amatum would change to
amata.
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular
Plural
1st
ductus
ducti
2nd
ductus
ducti
3rd
ductus
ducti
Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern!
Just use “eram” as your helping verb.
amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
Plural
Amatus eram
Amati eramus
I had been loved
We had been
loved
Amatus eras
Amati eratis
You had been
loved
Y’all had been
loved
Amatus erat
Amati erant
He had been
loved
They had been
loved
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular
Plural
1st
ductus
ducti
2nd
ductus
ducti
3rd
ductus
ducti
Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN!
Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum)
amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
Plural
Amatus ero
Amati erimus
I will have been
loved
We will have
been loved
Amatus eris
Amati eritis
You will have
been loved
Y’all will have
been loved
Amatus erit
Amati erunt
He will have been They will have
loved
been loved
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular
Plural
1st
ductus
ducti
2nd
ductus
ducti
3rd
ductus
ducti
Ready to practice? 
• But first….
beneficium,
benefici (n.)
•kindness,
benefit
exemplum,
exempli (n.)
•example
exemplify, sample, exemplary
egregius,
egregia
egregium:
•distinguished,
•excellent
egregious
propono,
proponere,
proposui,
propositus:
•put forward,
offer
suscipio,
suscipere,
suscepi,
susceptus:
•undertake,
take up, start
per (+ acc.):
•through
perforate, permit,
percolate
sub:
•under, close
up to
+ acc.: verbs
of motion
+ abl.:
of rest
verbs
suspicion, submarine
Workbook page 121
(watch out for genders and plurals!)
1. missa est
2. missa erunt
3. missum est
4. mittetur
5. missae sunt
6. mittebantur
7. missus est
8. mittuntur
9. missi erant
10. missum erit
a. He will be sent
b. it will have been sent
c. They had been sent
d. She has been sent
e. They were being sent
f. They will have been sent
g. They are sent
h. They have been sent
i. It was sent
j. He has been sent
Ready to practice more? 
• But once again….
beneficium,
benefici (n.)
•kindness,
benefit
exemplum,
exempli (n.)
•example
exemplify, sample, exemplary
egregius,
egregia
egregium:
•distinguished,
•excellent
egregious
propono,
proponere,
proposui,
propositus:
•put forward,
offer
suscipio,
suscipere,
suscepi,
susceptus:
•undertake,
take up, start
per (+ acc.):
•through
perforate, permit,
percolate
sub:
•under, close
up to
+ acc.: verbs
of motion
+ abl.:
of rest
verbs
suspicion, submarine
Workbook page 121 Exercise “E”
• Translate the 5 sentences in exercise “E” about
pirates in the Roman world. Arrrrrgh!
• Pay special attention to the passive voice
verbs, especially your new
perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive
tenses. (Whew! That’s a mouthful…!)