Transcript Chapter 2

Air Traffic Management
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace
• Generally the airspace is divided into
controlled and uncontrolled.
• Controlled airspace means an airspace of
defined dimensions within which air traffic
control service is provided to IFR flights an VFR
flights with the airspace classification.
• Uncontrolled is those airspace that an aircraft
is free to fly and need to watch out on its own
for other aircrafts when flying
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Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace
Control Zone (CTR)
• This is a dedicated airspace given to all airports.
• It is normally 20 miles radius from the airport and up
to 9000 feet high.
• All aircrafts must adhere strictly to the airport ATC
when flying into or within the CTR.
• Example: Kuantan, Kuala Trengganu, Kota Bahru, Alor
Star, Johore Bahru, Melaka, Kerteh, Ipoh, Kuching,
Sibu, Bintulu, Miri, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau,
Lahat Datu, Labuan.
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Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace
Terminal Control Areas (TMA)
• This is an airspace given to an airport when
there are more than one airport clustered
together Eg. Penang and Butteerworth;
Subang, Sempang, and KLIA Sepang;
• The area is about 60 mile radius and 24,000
feet high.
• The call sign for the ATC is dedicated to an
airport Eg KL; KL Director. Kuantan Approach
etc
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Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace
Airways
• Designated airspace ‘corridors’ normally 10 to 30
miles apart, with the upper limits up to 46,000 ft,
provided for the airline to fly to specific destinations.
• Normally connected between busy airports in the
world.
• These airways are given code numbers like A 69 KLIA
to
• Most of airways are connected by navigational aids
such as NDB, VOR/DME
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Airspace Structures
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Chapter 2 Formation Of FIRS – Flight
Information Regions
• ICAO carved out the world airspace into Flight
Information Regions (FIRs)
• Sovereign Airspace – generally 12 Miles Of
Coastline.
• Each FIR normally allocated to the States, within or
nearest to airspace that provides the ATC services.
• Historically, Singapore FIR was established by RAF at
Singapore in 1945 based at Kallang Airport.
• Singapore FIR airspace encompasses from Andaman
Islands in Bay Of Bengal, over Peninsular Malaysia,
South China Sea and half of Borneo island.
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Chapter 2 -Formation Of FIRS – Flight Information
Regions
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Chapter 2 - Formation Of FIRS – Flight
Information Regions
• During Pan Malayan Time (Malaya + Singapore together)
airspace under KL. Below 14,500 Feet And Sabah +
Sarawak under 24,500 Feet. the rest under Singapore
FIR, then centered at the new Paya Lebar International
Airport.
• Malaysia - After independence requested ICAO to
assume control of her airspace. In 1973 at the ICAO’s
RAN (Regional Air Navigation) meeting FIR Kuala Lumpur
(ATCC At Subang) and FIR Kota Kinabalu (ATCC At KK)
were formed.
• With effect 1st Jan 1976 – ICAO agreed the fragmenting
Singapore FIR into three - Singapore Gets To Control
South China Seas.
• Controversial Issue - Johor airspace - delegated to
Singapore.
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Chapter 2- Formation Of FIRS – Flight Information Regions
Johor Airspace Delegated to Singapore ATC.
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