Transcript Participles

All you ever wanted to know…
And probably a little bit more.
 This
is the –ing form.
 It refers to an action that is happening AT
THE SAME TIME as the main event of the
sentence:
 The laughing girl is singing.
 The slaves hurried through the house looking
for the amulet.
 So
what does it mean to be a participle?
 The laughing girl is singing.
 Is laughing an action?
 Then it is a type of verb.
 Is it describing a person or thing?
 Then it is sort of an adjective.
 This is why we call participles VERBAL
ADJECTIVES.
 Since
“laughing” is part action word, part
describer, it comes from a verb, but declines
like an adjective.
 So it is formed from a verb:
 Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus – to laugh
 And it has nominative, genitive, dative, etc.
endings like an adjective.
 What
tense is “laughing”?
 Present… So we use the PRINCIPAL PARTS
associated with the present tense.
 Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus
 Rideo = I laugh
 Ridēre = to laugh
 You just take the –re off of the SECOND part.
 Ridēre
 And add the appropriate adjectival ending.
 Ridēns
 This
is the NOMINATIVE form. What does this
mean?
 Is it singular or plural?
 So we would use this form to describe
who/what?
 One person or thing doing the action.
 What if we wanted to describe one possessive
person or thing?
 Ridēntis
 The –nt- lets us know it is a present participle
 The –is lets us know it is genitive singular.
 What
if we wanted to talk about something
in the DATIVE case and PLURAL?
 Ridēntibus
 The ridē- tells us the verb is “laugh,” the
“-nt-” tells us it is –ing and the “–ibus” tells
us it is DATIVE or ABLATIVE plural.
 You try it.
 What about the accusative singular?
 Ridēntem
 Is
the action still simultaneous?
 When did this action happen?
 Since this is in the PAST, we use a different
PRINCIPAL PART
 Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus– to lead
 This is our “go-to” form for perfect participles.
 For MOST verbs, this means “having been”
 So ductus would mean…
 Notice the last two letters of this word.
 Where have we seen this ending?
 Amicus, servus, dominus, etc.
 So we would use the ductus form to describe
what gender? What #? What case?
What if we wanted to say “with the girls having been
praised..”
 Cum puellīs …
 Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus
 Which part?
 Laudatus
 What case do we need? What gender? What #?
 Ablative, feminine, plural
 Cum puellīs laudatīs
 So do PERFECT participles use the same endings as
PRESENT participles?
 Perfect = 1st and 2nd declension adjective endings
(like BONUS, A, UM)
 Present = 3rd declension adjective endings (fortis,
fortis)

 These
make up a SMALL subset of perfect
participles.
 You can make a list of the ones we’ve seen:
 Precatus, a, um
 Ingressus, a, um
 Locutus, a, um
 And so on.
 All of these are translated “having _____ed”
 Having prayed
 Having entered
 Having spoken
 The
perfect PASSIVE participles we’ve seen
are accompanied by a/ab and an ablative
noun.
 templum, ab architecto aedificatum, stat.
 The temple, having been built by the
architect, stands.
 What case is temple? What number? What
gender?
 Vir servum, a venalicio ductum, vendit.
 the man sells a slave, having been led by the
slave-dealer.
 And
the perfect *actives* are only that small
group we’ve seen in the vocab list and in our
translations.
 These are translated “having verbed” NOT
“having been verbed.”
 Active = you do it
 Passive = it is done to you
 Laudantibus
 Present
active
 Laudatus
 Perfect passive
 Regressa
 Perfect active
 Portantes
 Present active
 Precatum
 Perfect active
 Scriptorum
 Perfect passive
 Remember
the genitive plural of 3rd
declension nouns and adjectives is a –um.
 Regium = of the kings
 Amantum matrum = of the loving mothers
 Compare this with templum aedificatum
 The temple having been built (nom/acc)
 How can you tell that amantum is present
active and aedificatum is perfect passive?
 Notice: amantum versus aedificatum.
 Go slowly and watch for the –n- in the
middle.
 -n- just like English, -ing.