Transcript 2nd Declension Nouns

Introduction to Nouns:
Second Declension
Chapter 4
Inflection
A changing of the form of a word
to allow it to perform different
functions.
The inflection of a noun is called a
declension
She – Her
Child – Children
Speak – Speaking – Speaks – Spoke – Spoken
In Greek, nouns must be inflected
(declined) since word order doesn’t
necessarily determine their
function.
In English, word order, along with
the use of prepositions,
determines a noun’s function in the
sentence. In other words, English
word order, etc., takes the place of
Greek declensions.
Exception:
Weird English
English does have a few case endings only
when showing possession (student’s,
book’s, et al.). That is, a few English words
are declined.
Word Order Examples
He is your father.
(Note that “He” is the subject because “He”
precedes the verb.)
English will, on occasion, allow a “Yoda”
moment.
Stung by the bee he was.
But this is rare, unusual, and still
requires a helping verb.
Continued . . .
The father gave the book to the library.
(Note that “library” is the indirect object
because “library” follows the preposition “to”.)
Case, in a Greek noun, indicates
the form of the word needed to
express that noun’s relationship
to the other words of the
sentence.
Greek Cases
Case
Function
Example
Men see apostles.
Subject
Nominative
Genitive
Possession The homes of men
God gave wisdom
Dative
Indirect
to men.
Object
Apostles see men.
Accusative
Direct
Object
Forward, men!
Vocative
Address
Case, in a Greek noun, indicates the
form of the word needed to express that
noun’s relationship to the other words of
the sentence. Word order isn’t as
significant as case.
Subject?
ajkouvei a[vvvvnqrwpoV qeovn.
Direct
Object?
ajkouvei a[nqrwpon qeovV.
There are 3 declensions for Greek nouns.
Each group contains nouns with the same
pattern of endings.
Declension
Stems end with o. They are
mostly masculine & neuter.
1st Declension
Stems end with a or h. They
are primarily feminine.
3rd Declension
Stems end with a consonant.
2nd
2nd Declension
Nom Sng
Gen Sng
Dat Sng
Acc Sng
Nom Pl
Gen Pl
Dat Pl
Acc Pl
Masculine
ku,rioj
ku,riou
ku,riw|
ku,rion
ku,rioi
ku,riwn
ku,rioij
ku,riouj
a lord
Voc Sng
of a lord
ku,rie
to a lord
Lord!
a lord
lords
of lords
Voc Sng
to lords
ku,rioi
lords
Lords!
2nd Declension
Nom Sng
Gen Sng
Dat Sng
Acc Sng
Nom Pl
Gen Pl
Dat Pl
Acc Pl
Neuter
dw/ron
dw,rou
dw,rw|
dw/ron
dw/ra
dw,rwn
dw,roij
dw/ra
a gift
Voc Sng
of a gift
dw/ron
to a gift
a gift
a gift
gifts
of gifts
Voc Pl
to gifts
dw/ra
gifts
gifts
Neuter plural nouns regularly take
singular verbs.
I don’t know why; they just do, OK?
ajkouvei tevkna lovgouV oi[kw/.
Other Uses of the Genitive & Dative
• ablative genitive
– indicates source (“from a house”)
• locative dative
– indicates location (“in a field”)
• instrumental dative
– indicates means (“by a word”)
• dative of personal advantage
– indicates what something is for (“for a man”)
You just have to learn them by seeing them . . . . over & over & over &
over & over, & by the way, over
Holy Crap! Something just like English!
• Copulative verbs “link” subject and
predicate
– I am he. Both subject and object are in the
nominative case because the verb “to be”
links them.
• eijmiv is a copulative verb. As a result, the
subject and object should both be in
nominative case.
– eijmiv ajdelfovV (not eijmiv ajdelfovn)
We aren’t quite ready to decline the
definite article (“the”).
For now, you need to know the following:
Masculine
oJ
Feminine
hJ
Neuter
tov
Conjunctions
Coordinating
Subordinating
kaiv – and, also, even
Coordinating
conjunctions connect
parallel words or clauses.
dev – now, but
ajllav - but
kaiv...kaiv – both...and
Subordinating
conjunctions introduce
clauses dependent on
some other clause.
Conjunctions
Coordinating
dev is postpositive.
e.g., douvlouV blevyeiV,
ajnqrwvpouV de; blevyomen.
ajllav elides.
e.g.,
eijmiv ajpovstoloV, ajll= uiJoiv ejste.
Greek Word Order
The subject normally goes
after the verb in NT texts.
gravfousin uiJoi; lovgouV.
Likewise, the genitive
normally follows its noun.
gravfousin uiJoi; ajpostovlou
lovgouV.
When word order alters
from these general cases,
emphasis is usually
intended.
ajpovstolon blevpei a[nqrwpoV. It is an
apostle a man sees.
eijmiv qeou: dou:loV.
am God’s servant.
I
Example of Irregular 2nd Declension
“Jesus”
Nom Sng
Gen Sng
Dat Sng
Acc Sng
jIhsouV
jIhsou:
jIhsou:
jIhsou:n
Jesus
of Jesus
Voc Sng
to Jesus
jIhsou:
Jesus
Jesus!