Transcript Latin II – Review Time!!!

Latin III/IV – Review Time!!!
Remember that in Latin, nouns decline. The ending of a Latin noun
tells you the number and case of a noun. Nouns also have gender – a
noun which is masculine will always be masculine, and so on. Finally,
nouns belong to a declension. Nouns of the same declension will
share the same grammatical endings.
Noun Cases
Case
Most Common Use
Nominative
Subjects, predicate nominatives
Genitive
Possession
Dative
Indirect objects
Accusative
Direct objects
Ablative
Objects of (some) prepositions
The First Declension
Nouns of the first declension are generally feminine in gender. The
exceptions are nouns such as nauta, agricola, and poeta which describe
occupations which would generally be held by men.
The characteristic vowel of the first declension is -a-, and a first declension
noun can be recognized by its genitive singular ending in -ae.
First declension nouns share these endings:
epistula
epistulae
epistulae
epistulārum
epistulae
epistulīs
epistulam
epistulās
epistulā
epistulīs
The Second Declension
Most second declension nouns are masculine in gender. They generally end in -us,
but there are quite a few -er endings as well. The only way to be sure that a noun
is second declension is to look for the -ī ending in the genitive singular.
Recall that in a very few -er nouns (e.g. puer) the -e- remains in all the forms.
annus
annī
liber
librī
annī
annōrum
librī
librōrum
annō
annīs
librō
librīs
annum
annōs
librum
librōs
annō
annīs
librō
librīs
bellum
bella
bellī
bellōrum
bellō
bellīs
bellum
bella
bellō
bellīs
For neuters, recall that A) the
nominative and accusative must
be the same, and B) the nom/acc
plural ending is always -a.
The Third Declension
The third declension is where we have to be careful with our rules. Remember
especially that you decline a noun (and identify the declension) not by the
nominative form, but by the genitive. Third declension nouns may have different
nominatives, but they all have a genitive ending in -is.
lux, lucis, f.
tempus, temporis, n.
lux
lucēs
tempus
tempora
lucis
lucum
temporis
temporum
lucī
lucibus
temporī
temporibus
lucem
lucēs
tempus
tempora
luce
lucibus
tempore
temporibus
Adjectives: Like nouns, except of course for the differences.
Adjectives decline like nouns do. There are, however, two major differences.
First, adjectives must agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. They get
these three from the noun that they modify; they can change genders while nouns
cannot.
Second, adjectives only belong to two declensions. The first, the 1st/2nd adjectives,
switch between the two declensions depending on gender; they use the 1st for
feminines and the 2nd for masculines. 3rd declension adjectives are always 3rd.
Masc/Feminine
Neuter
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
levis
levēs
leve
levia
levis
levium
levis
levium
levī
levibus
levī
levibus
levem
levēs
leve
levia
levī
levibus
levī
levibus
1st/2nd declension adjectives
Singular
Masc
Fem
Neuter
longus
longa
longum
longī
longae
longī
longō
longae
longō
longum
longam
longum
longō
longā
longō
Masc
Fem
Neuter
longī
longae
longa
longōrum
longārum
longōrum
longīs
longīs
longīs
longōs
longās
longa
longīs
longīs
longīs
Neuter
4th and 5th declension nouns
These declensions are rarer but still important. The 4th has a characteristic vowel
of -u-, while the 5th uses -e-.
impetus, impetūs, m.
rēs, rēī, f.
impetus
impetūs
rēs
rēs
impetūs
impetuum
reī
rērum
impetuī
impetibus
reī
rēbus
impetum
impetūs
rem
rēs
impetū
impetibus
rē
rēbus
Forming verbals
Latin verbs can form 3 participles and one gerundive (which acts as the future
passive participle). A Latin verb also has 6 infinitive forms, of which you should
be familiar with 5.
From: amo, amāre, amāvī, amātus
amans, amantis
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amātus, -a, -um
amātūrus, -a, -um
amandus, -a, -um
amāre
amārī
amāvisse
amātus esse
amātūrus esse
amātum īrī
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
To make adjectives comparative, add -ior to the positive stem. To make them
superlative, add -issimus instead. Exceptions include -r- and -l- stem adjectives, as
well as a number of irregular comparatives.
For adverbs, simply change the adjective forms to -ius and -issimē instead.
Positive
Comp.
Super.
Comp. Adv.
Sup. Adv.
altus
altior
altissimus
altius
altissime
fortis
fortior
fortissimus
fortius
fortissime
acer
acrior
acerrimus
acrius
acerrime
facilis
facilior
facillimus
facilius
facillime
bonus
melior
optimus
melius
optime
malus
peior
pessimus
peius
pessime
magnus
maior
maximus
maius
maxime