Transcript Document

Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,
Muse
me
causes
remind
what divine will injured
quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casus
What or grieving queen
gods’ many endure difficulties
insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores
Famous
piety
man
many undergo labors
impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?
force
Such
?
souls
heavenly
anger
Muse me causes remind what divine will injured what or
grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties Famous
piety man many undergo labors
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Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,
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O Muse, relate to me the
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causes, by what divine will
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quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus
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thwarted, or grieving at
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what did the queen of the
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gods force a man famous
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insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores
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for piety to endure such
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misfortune and to endure
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so many labors.
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impulerit
Class 3
Lectio 3
LATIN GRAMMAR
The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English
nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions and interjections
Latin, however, has no article
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection
for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension
for verbs this is called conjugation
Nouns
Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality
Three genders
masculine, feminine, and neuter
Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending
Number
Latin has two numbers, the singular and the plural
Singular denotes one object, the plural more than one
Case
There are six cases in Latin
Nominative, case of subject
Accusative, case of direct object
Genitive, objective with of
Vocative, case of address
Dative, objective with to or for
Ablative, objective with by, from, in, with
The Latin Declensions
There are five declensions in Latin
Each declension is distinguished by
the final letter of the stem
the termination of the genitive singular
Declension
Final letter of stem
Gen. Termination
First
a
-ae
Second
o
-i
Third
i
-is
Some consonant
Fourth
u
-us
Fifth
e
-ei
First Declension a-stems
Singular
Cases
Nom. porta
Meaning
Terminations
a gate (subject)
-a
Gen.
portae
of a gate
-ae
Dat.
portae
to or for a gate
-ae
Acc.
portam
a gate (object)
-am
Voc. porta
Abl.
porta
O gate!
-a
with, by, from, in a gate
-a
Plural
Nom. portae
-ae
Gen.
portarum
-arum
Dat.
portis
-is
Acc.
portas
-as
Voc. portae
-ae
Abl.
-is
portis
Second Declension
Pure Latin nouns of the 2nd declension end in:
masc. –us, -er, -ir
neuter -um
Stems
hortobello-
Sing.
Plural
Nom.
hortus
-us
bellum
-um
horti
-i
bella
-a
Gen.
horti
-i
belli
-i
hortorum
-orum
bellorum
-orum
Dat.
horto
-o
bello
-o
hortis
-is
bellis
-is
Acc.
hortum
-um
bellum
-um
hortos
-os
bella
-a
Voc.
horte
-e
bellum
-um
horti
-i
bella
-a
Abl.
horto
-o
bello
-o
hortis
-is
bellis
-is
Singular
2nd dec. in
-er and -ir
N.
puer
ager
vir
-#
G.
pueri
agri
viri
-i
D.
puero
agro
viro
-o
Acc.
puerum
agrum
virum
-um
V.
puer
ager
vir
-#
Abl.
puero
agro
viro
-o
Stems
pueroagroviro-
Plural
N.
pueri
agri
viri
-i
G.
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
-orum
D.
pueris
agris
viris
-is
Acc.
pueri
agros
viros
-os
V.
pueri
agri
viri
-i
Abl.
pueris
agris
viris
-is
Third Declension
3rd declension nouns end in –a, -e, -i, -o, -y, -c, -l, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x
There are several general types
Consonant stems (i.e. mute, liquid, nasal, or spirant)
i-stems
Consonant stems that are adapted to i-stems
Stems in –i, -u, and diphthongs
Irregulars
Declension is fairly complicated and will be covered over the semester
Gender Principles. Nouns ending in:
-o, or, -os, -er, -es are masculine
-as, -es, -is, ys, -x, -s, -do, -go, io, -us (long) are feminine
-a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us (short) are neuter
Third Declension General Endings
-s
-#
-is
-e
-is
-is
-is
-is
-i
-i
-
-i
-em
-em
-im, -em
-e
-s
-#
-is
-e
-e
-e
-e, -i
-i
-es
-es
-es
-ia
trabs, trabis (f.)
tussis, tussis (f.)
-um
-um
-ium
-ium
remex, remigis (m.)
ignis, ignis (m.)
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
vigil, vigilis (m.)
hostis, hostis (c.)
-es
-es
-is,-es
-ia
genus, generis (n.)
-es
-es
-es
-ia
mos, moris (m.)
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
Main confusion occurs in the nom.
sing. This and the genitive singular,
which gives the stem, must be
memorized as a vocabulary item
Fourth Declension
Nouns of the 4th declension end in –us (masc.) and –u (neuter)
N.
fructus
fructus
cornu
cornua
G.
fructus
fructuum
cornus
cornuum
D.
fructui
fructibus
cornu
cornibus
Acc.
fructum
fructus
cornu
cornua
V.
fructus
fructus
cornu
cornua
Abl.
fructu
fructibus
cornu
cornibus
Fifth Declension
Nouns of the 5th declension end in –es
dies: masc.
res: fem
N.
dies
dies
res
res
G.
diei
dierum
rei
rerum
D.
diei
diebus
rei
rebus
Acc.
diem
dies
rem
res
V.
dies
dies
res
res
Abl.
die
diebus
re
rebus
Defective Nouns
Nouns used in the singular only
[proper names e.g. Cicero]
Nouns used in the plural only
[geographical names e.g. Thebae]
Nouns used only in certain cases
[fors, forte, nom and abl. sing.]
Indeclinable nouns
[nihil, nefas]
Adjectives
Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes
Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions
Adjectives of the 3rd declensions
First and Second Declension Adjectives
Third Declension Adjectives
Three terminations
Two terminations
One termination
Comparison of Adjectives
Three degrees of comparison:
Positive, Comparative and Superlative
The comparative is regularly formed by adding –ior (-ius) to the positive stem
The superlative is regularly formed by adding -issimus (-a, -um) to the positive stem
Some adjectives vary the stem in comparison
bonus
meliro
optimus
parvus
minor
minimus
Many adjectives form the comparative and superlative by prefixing magis and maxime
Comparison of Adverbs
Most adverbs are derived from adjectives and depend upon them for comparison
Those derived from 1st and 2nd declension adjectives
change the –i of the gen. sing. to –e
carus
care
Those derived from the 3rd declension
change the –is of the gen. sing. to –iter
acer
acriter
The comparative is the same as the n. sing. comparative of the adjective
The superlative changes the –i of the gen. sing. of the adj. to –e
(carus)
care
carius
carissime
Numerals
In Latin are of three types
Cardinals
unus, duo
Ordinals
primus, secundus
Distributives
singuli, bini
Numerals in Latin are declined
Pronouns
Latin has eight classes of pronouns
I. Personal
V.
Intensive
II. Reflexive
VI. Relative
III. Possessive
VII. Interrogative
IV. Demonstrative
VIII. Indefinite
Personal Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, etc.
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
nom.
ego
tu
is, ea, id
nos
vos
----
gen.
mei
tui
(declined as a
nostrum
vestrum
dat.
mihi
tibi
nobis
vos
acc.
me
te
nos
vos
voc.
----
tu
----
vos
abl.
me
te
nobis
vobis
demonstrative)
Reflexive Pronouns
myself, yourself, himself, etc.
1st
and
2nd
persons are supplied by oblique cases of ego and tu
Third Person
Gen.
sui
Dat.
sibi
Acc.
se / sese
Voc.
----
Abl.
se / sese
Possessive Pronouns
my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their
Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd
declension
meus, -a, -um
noster, nostra, nostrum
tuus, -a, um
vester, vestra, vestrum
suus, -a, -um
Pater suos liberos amat
Demonstrative Pronouns
hic, this (where I am)
iste, that (where you are)
ille, that (something distinct from the speaker)
is, that (weaker than ille)
idem, the same
Demonstratives of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person respectively
Relative Pronouns
who
Nom.
qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
Gen.
cujus
cujus
cujus
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Acc.
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
Interrogative Pronouns
M. and F.
Neuter
Nom.
quis
quod
Gen.
cujus
cujus
Dat.
cui
cui
Acc.
quem
quod
Abl.
quo
quo
Plural is same as
relative pronoun
Indefinite Pronouns
Verbs
The inflection of verbs is called conjugation
Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person
In Latin
Two voices
Active and Passive
Five Moods
Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle
Six Tenses
Present
Perfect
Imperfect
Pluperfect
Future
Future perfect
Personal Endings of the Verb
Active
Sing.
Plural
Passive
1.
-o; -m; -i (perf. indic.)
-r
2.
-s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.)
-ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.)
3.
-t; -to (imp.)
-tur; tor (imp.)
1.
–mus
-mur
2.
-tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.)
-mini
3.
-nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.)
-ntur; -ntor (imp.)
Verb Stems
Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the stem. There are
three different stems in a fully inflected verb
The Four Conjugations
Infinitive termination
Distinguishing vowel
1.
-are
a
2.
-ere
e
3.
-ere
e
4.
-ire
i
The Verb “to be” (memorize)
First Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice
First Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice
Second Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice
Second Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice
Third Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice
Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice
Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice
Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice
Other Verb Forms
Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th
conjugation (pres. indic.)
Deponent Verbs have mostly passive forms, but active meaning
patior, pati, passus sum
Periphrastic conjugation
active uses the Future Active Participle with sum
amaturus sum, I am about to love
passive uses the gerundive with sum
amandus sum, I am to be loved
Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs
Adverbs
Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage
quo - whither
qua - where
hac - by this way
aliquo - to some place
Prepositions
Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item]
Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans
Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine
The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative
in urbem, into the city
in urbe, in the city
Interjections
In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling