Transcript Diapositiva 1

Celia Iordache & Ana Delgado 1ºC
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining and non-defining
What are they?


A defining relative
clause specifies which
person or thing we
mean.
The defining relative
clause can be omitted.
You're the little devil who
cracked the system.
What are they?

A non-defining relative
clause contains extra
information. It is separated
by commas.
So we're all men of our word
really... except for, of course,
Elizabeth, who is in fact, a
woman.
Which and that




These are alternatives in a
defining clause.
That is not used in nondefining clause.
That cannot follow a
preposition.
That is used instead of
who in defining clauses.
I got beaten down by an old school
Vegas thug who was having
trouble accepting his retirement,
but I worked out a deal with him
that got him a nice pension...
Which and that


Which refers to things.
Also used in non-defining
clauses
A pinch is a device which creates,
like, a cardiac arrest for any
broadband electrical circuitry.
We go to "A" School, which is the
most difficult school in the military.
Who and whom

Who refers to
people.
Those men who
bled the ground red
at Falkirk, they
fought for William
Wallace, and he
fights for something
that I never had.
Whom


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Whom is the object form of who and is used
formally in object clauses.
Whom has to be used if it follows a preposition.
Whom is felt to be excessively formal and who is
commonly use instead.
He was a hero to
his valet, who
bullied him, and a
terror to most of
his relations,
whom he bullied
in turn.
Whose

This means of whom. It
is used in both defining
and non-defining
clauses.
My story starts at sea... a
perilous voyage to an
unknown land... a
shipwreck... the wild waters
roar and heave... a lady...
whose soul is greater than
the ocean... and her spirit
stronger than the sea's
embrace..
When and where
Non-defining:
They follow a named time or
place.

The rest of my attention is back at
the offices of Facebook, where
my colleagues and I are doing
things that no one in this room,
including and especially your
clients, are intellectually or
creatively capable of doing.
When and where

Defining:
When follows words such
as time, day, moment.
I remember when I was a kid,
me and my father, we went ice
fishing out on Lake Wissota
When and where

Where follows words such as
place, house, street.
Luckily, the fact is that just like the
rest of us, even a beautiful woman
doesn't know what she wants until
she sees it, and that's where I
come in.

Omitting the relative pronoun:
Common in defining object clauses in everyday
conversations.
I’ve found the keys (which/that) i’ve been looking for.

Sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verbs:
Common feature of conversational English, as
outlined in who and whom, is to end a defining
clause with a preposition.
That’s the house I used to live in.

Omitting which/who + be
To reduce a verb phrase after who/which to an adjectival
phrase in a defining clause.
Jim was the only one of his platoon who had not been taken
prisoner.
Jim was the only of his platoon not taken prisoner.

Which
A non-defining clause can comment on the whole situation
described in the main clause. Phrases with which, such as
which time/point, in which case, by which time, in which
event can be used in the same way
There was nobody left on the train, which made me suspicious.

Which
A non-defining clause can comment on the whole
situation described in the main clause. Phrases
with which, such as which time/point, in which
case, by which time, in which event can be used
in the same way
I watched the play until the end of the first act, at which
point I felt I had seen enough.
Clauses beginning with what
and whatever


What meaning the thing
or things which can be
used to start clauses.
Whatever, whoever,
whichever can be used in
a similar way.
Whatever decision you make, you
make as a team.
Non-finite clauses containing an –
ing form

These are clauses without a main verb.
 Actions happening at the same time
 One action happening before another, explains
the reason for something happening.
Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for
$1000.

An event which is result of another event.
I didn’t get wet, having remembered to take my umbrella.

Where a passive construction might be
expected, this is often shortened to a past
participle.
(Having been)Abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister
was forced to resign.
Flushed and panting, Jack waves the tickets as
he and Fabrizio run up the ramp to the 3rd class
gangway entrance
“Elementary, my dear Watson.”