Transcript Unidad 3

UNIDAD 3: LA NARRACIÓN Y
LA DESCRIPCIÓN EN EL
PRESENTE
LOS USOS DEL PRESENTE
 Los Usos:
1. Express a timeline or habitual action in the present
1. Los gatos son animales muy independientes.
1. Cats are very independent animals.
2. Describe events that led up to the present
1. Esteban corre en el parque.
1. Esteban runs in the park
3. Express planned events and actions in the future
1. Mañana visito a Teresa.
1. Tomorrow I’ll visit Teresa.
USOS CONT.
4. Describe actions and situations that have been going
on for a certain period of time in following
constructions:
1. Hace + length of time + que + verb in the present
2. Verb in the present + (desde) hace + length of time
1. Hace tres días que sirven tacos en la cafetería.
2. Sirven tacos en la cafetería (desde) hace tres días.
1. They have been serving tacos in the cafeteria for three days.
4. To ask a question use the following constructions:
1. Cuánto (tiempo) hace que + verb in the present
2. Desde hace cuánto tiempo + length of time
1. Cuánto (tiempo) hace que montas a caballo?
2. Desde hace cuánto tiempo montas a caballo?
1. How long have you been riding horses?
USOS CONT.
5. Describe actions and situations that have been
going on since a specific point in time
1. Verb in the present + desde + point in time
1. Estudio matemáticas desde esta mañana.
6. To ask a question use the following construction:
1. Desde cuándo + verb in the present?
1. Desde cuándo vas a la escuela en bicicleta?
1. Since when have you been going to school by bike?
EL PRESENTE
-AR verbs:
-o
-as
-a
-amos
-an
-ER/IR verbs:
-o
-es
-e
-emos/imos
-en
IRREGULARES EN LA FORMA DE YO
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
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






Caber
Caer
Dar
Hacer
Poner
Saber
Salir
Traer
Valer
Ver










Quepo
Caigo
Doy
Hago
Pongo
Sé
Salgo
Traigo
Valgo
veo
VERBOS SIMILARES
 Hacer
 Deshacer (to undo) , satisfacer (to satisfy)
 Poner
 Componer (to compose) , descomponer (to break) , disponer (to
dispose) , exponer (to expose) , imponer (to impose) , proponer (to
propose) , suponer (to suppose)
 Traer
 Atraer (to attract) , contraer (to contract) , distraer (to distract)
IRREGULARES
 Decir: digo, dices, dice, decimos, dicen
 Estar: estoy, estás, está, estamos, están
 Ir: voy, va, vas, va, vamos, van
 Oír: oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oyen
 Ser: soy, eres, es, somos, son
 Tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tienen
 Venir: vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, vienen
USOS DE SER
 Origin of someone or something
 Esa alfombra es del Ecuador.
 That rug is from Ecuador.
 Identify
 Es el tío de Ricardo.
 He is Ricardo’s uncle.
 Inherent qualities and characteristics such as personality,
nationality, religion, physical appearance
 Kenneth es irlandés y católico.
 Kenneth is Irish and Catholic.
 Specific part of the body: tener + part of body + adj.
USOS CONT.
 Moral or mental characteristics such as culpable,
conciente, desgraciado, feliz, inocente, pobre
 Esas parejas son muy desgraciadas.
 Professions & occupations (article not used unless
modified)
 La Sra. Menéndez es abogada.
 Mrs. Menéndez is a lawyer.
 Dates
 Hoy es martes.
 Today is Tuesday.
 Time
 Son las dos y media.
 It is two thirty.
USOS CONT.
 Material from which something is made
 Ese anillo es de oro.
 That ring is made of gold.
 Possesion
 Los bolígrafos son de la profesora.
 The pens are the professor’s .
 Impersonal idea
 Es necesario completar los ejercicios.
 It is necessary to complete the exercises.
USOS CONT.
Idea of “to be held”, “to happen”, “to take
place”
 Las clases son en el edificio nuevo.
 The classes are in the new building.
Passive voice: Ser + past participle + por
 Esa escultura fue hecha por Picasso.
 That sculpture was made by Picasso.
USOS DE ESTAR
 1. Location (temporary or permanent)
 Las cajas están debajo de la mesa.
 The boxes are under the table
 2. Mood, physical condition, or other noncharacteristic features
 Estoy deprimido desde que Antonio se fue.
 I am depressed since Antonio left.
 3. A condtion which is a result of a previous action
 (Camilo se sentó.) Él está sentado en el pasillo.
 (Camilo sat down.) He is seated in the hall.
 4. An action that is in progress in construction
 Estar + present participle (gerund)
 Yo estoy escribiendo en mi cuaderno.
 I am writing in my notebook.
ADJETIVOS CON SER Y ESTAR
 Some adjectives change meaning depending on if
they are used with ser or estar.
Adjective
Ser
Estar
Aburrido
Boring
Bored
Atento
Courteous
Attentive
Bueno
Good
Tasty
Listo
Clever
Ready
Malo
Bad
Ill
Rico
Rich
Delicious
Seguro
Safe
Certain
STEM CHANGING VERBS
* CHANGE IN EVERY PERSON BUT NOS./VOS.*
 -ar
 Ex: pensar
pienso pensamos
piensas pensáis
piensa
piensan
 Otros:
cerrar, comenzar,
confesar, despertarse,
empezar, nevar,
sentarse
 -er
 Ex: querer
quiero
queremos
quieres queréis
quiere
quieren
 Otros:
entender, perder
STEM CHANGING VERBS
Almorzar
 almuerzo
almorzamos
 almuerzas almorzáis
 almuerza
almuerzan
Otros:
 Costar, demostrar
encontrar, jugar,
recordar, mostrar
Volver
 vuelvo
 vuelves
 vuelve
volvemos
volvéis
vuelven
Otros:
 Llover, oler, poder,
resolver
STEM CHANGERS ENDING IN –IR
E TO IE
Ex:
preferir (to prefer)
Prefiero
preferimos
Prefieres
preferís
Prefiere
perfieren
Otros: advertir, convertir, divertirse, hervir,
mentir, sentir, sentirse
STEM CHANGERS ENDING IN –IR
O TO UE
Ex: dormir
Duermo dormimos
Duermes dormís
Duerme duermen
Otros: dormirse,
morir
STEM CHANGERS ENDING IN –IR
E TO I
Servir:
 Sirvo servimos
 Sirves servís
 Sirve sirven
 Otros: despedir, despedirse, impedir, medir,
pedir, reír(se), repetir, sonreír(se), vestir(se).
REFLEXIVO
Reflexive is conjugated with reflexive
pronouns
Indicates the action is being used on
ones self
Me corto las uñas a menudo.
Juan se acostó temprano.
OTHER USES OF THE REFLEXIVE
CONSTRUCTION (PAGE 110)
 Used to express mutual or reciprocal action, to
indicate that the subjects are preforming the
action to or for one another by using the plural
reflexive:
• Nosotros nos
encontramos en el
parque todos los días
• We meet (each other)
in the park every day.
• Se abrazan cuando se • They hug when they
ven.
see each other.
 The reflexive constructive is also used with:
 Hacerse, ponerse, and volverse
 Expresses the equivalent of the English “to become.”
1. Conscious effort: hacerse+noun
Julio se hizo médico.
1. Julio became a doctor.
(through effort)
2. No conscious effort (emotional):
Yo me puse muy nervioso cuando el
director entró.
2. I became very nervous
when the principal entered.
(involuntary emotional
change)
3. Involuntary, sudden, violent:
volverse+adjective
Mis amigas se volvieron locas
cuando lo supieron.
3. My friends became crazy
when they found out.
(sudden/ violent change)
OTHER USES OF THE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN SE
Used…
1. 3 rd person singular/plural to form
impersonal passive
• Se prohibe fumar en el • Smoking is prohibited
metro.
in the subway.
Used…
2. With 3rd person singular to form impersonal
statements
• Se vive bien en el
campo.
• (One, they, people, etc.)
live well in the country
REFLEXIVE VERBS
Conjugation: me, te, se, nos, se).
Bañarse
• Me baño
• Te bañas
• Se baña
Ponerse
• Me pongo
• Te pones
• Se pone
• Nos bañamos • Nos ponemos
• Se bañan
• Se ponen
Dormirse
• Me duermo
• Te duermes
• Se duerme
• Nos
dormimos
• Se duermen
LOCATION OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
1. Precede the conjugated verb
• Ellos se acuestan a
las diez.
• They go to bed at 10.
2. Follow & are attached to affirmative commands
• ¡Levántate!
• Get up!
USOS DEL GERUNDIO
1. Con estar
o
Juan y yo no podemos salir porque estamos
estudiando.
2. Sin un verbo auxiliar
o
Los padres, tratando de mantenerse tranquilos,
eschucharon la descripción del accidente.
USOS DEL GERUNDIO
3. Infinitivo se usa como sustantivo
oHacer ejercicio es bueno.
Infinitivo se utiliza despues de las
preposiciones
oDespués de oír el precio, decidieron no comprarlo
4. Al funciona coma una preposición
oAl salir, vi a Dolores.
IRREGULAR SPELLING CHANGES
**In verbs ending in –ger and –gir, change the gj in first
person singular**
Ex:
Proteger
Protejo
Protegemos
Proteges
Protege
Protegen
Coger (to grab)
Encoger (to shrink)
Escoger (to choose)
Recoger (to gather)
Ex: Exigir
Exijo Exigimos
Exiges
Exige Exigen
Alfigir (to grieve)
Corregir (to correct)
Dirigir (to direct)
Elegir (to choose)
Fingir (to feign)
IRREGULAR SPELLING CHANGES
**In verbs ending in –guir, change gug in first
person singular**
Ex:
Seguir
Sigo
Seguimos
Sigues
Sigue
Siguen
Conseguir (to acquire)
Distinguir (to distinguish)
Extinguir (to extinguish)
Perseguir (to pursue)
Proseguir (to proceed)
IRREGULAR SPELLING CHANGES
**In verbs ending in vowel + –cer and vowel + –cir,
add z after the vowel in first person singular**
Ex:
Ofrecer
Ex:
Producir
Ofrezco
Ofrecemos
Produzco
Producimos
Ofreces
Produces
Ofrece
Ofrecen
Produce
Producen
Aborrecer (to hate)
Agradecer (to thank)
Aparecer (to appear)
Crecer (to grow)
Conocer (to know)
Desparacer (to disappear)
Establecer (to establish)
Merecer (to deserve)
Nacer (to be born)
Obedecer (to obey)
Parecer (to seem)
Permanecer (to remain)
Pertenecer (to belong)
Reconocer (to recognize)
Conducir (to conduct)
Reducir (to reduce)
Traducir (to translate
IRREGULAR SPELLING CHANGES
**In verbs ending in consonant+ –cer, add z
after the vowel in first person singular**
Ex:
Vencer
Venzo
Vencemos
Vences
Vence
Vencen
Convencer (to convince)
Ejercer (to exert)
THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Indicates an action in progress
Estar + Present Participle
THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Indicates an action in progress
Estar + Present Participle
Usually in present or
imperfect tense
Can be replaced
by…
Seguir
Careful!
Continuar
Each of these
Venir
words slightly
Salir
changes the
Ir
meaning of the
Andar
phrase
Entrar
llegar
THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Indicates an action in progress
Estar + Present Participle
Add –ando to –ar
verbs
Add –iendo to –er
and –ir verbs
EXAMPLES
Están descansando ahora.
 They are resting now.
Estábamos leyendo cuando se apagaron las
luces.
 We were reading when the lights went out.
Va aprendiendo a utilizar el brazo después del
accidente.
 He’s learning to use his arm after the accident.
LOCATION OF PRONOUN
 Attached to gerund (accented -a or -e of ending)
 Before conjugated verb
 Examples:
 Me estoy peinando. vs.
Estoy peinándome.
 I am combing my hair.
 Domingo nos lo está leyendo. vs. Domingo está
leyéndonoslo.
 Domingo is reading it to us.